China AOS1 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
When was the Republic of China declared?
A
1st January 1912
2
Q
What was the date of Yuan Shikai declared president?
A
10th March 1912
3
Q
When was the 21 demands?
A
18th January 1915
4
Q
When was the New Culture movement originated?
A
1914
5
Q
When did Yuan declare Emperor?
A
1st January 1916
6
Q
When was the May 4th movement?
A
4th May 1919
7
Q
When was the founding of CCP?
A
23rd July 1921
8
Q
When was the Sun-Joffe declaration?
A
26th January 1923
9
Q
When was the start of the Northern Expedition?
A
1st July 1926
10
Q
When was the Shanghai Massacre?
A
12th April 1927
11
Q
When was the Autumn harvest uprising?
A
7th-13th September 1927
12
Q
When did the Jiangxi Soviet form?
A
10th February 1929
13
Q
When did the Futian purges occur?
A
October 1930-1931
14
Q
When was the Manchurian incident?
A
18th September 1931
15
Q
When was the 5th Encirclement campaign start?
A
6th October 1933
16
Q
When did the New Life Movement start?
A
19th February 1934
17
Q
When was the start of the Long March?
A
16th December 1934
18
Q
When was the Zunyi conference?
A
15-17th January 1935
19
Q
When was the Luding bridge?
A
29th May 1935
20
Q
When was the Snowy Mountain+High Grassland?
A
July-August 1935
21
Q
When was the Yan’an Soviet established?
A
25th December 1935
22
Q
When was the Xi’an incident?
A
12th December 1936
23
Q
When was the Rectification campaign?
A
1941-1945
24
Q
When did Japan’s full scale invasion on China began?
A
7th July 1937
25
When was the Second united front form and when did it end?
Form: 22nd September 1937
End: 4th January 1941
26
When was the Rape of Nanjing?
13th December 1937
27
When was the blow up of the yellow river dikes of Jiang?
7th June 1938
28
When was the 100 regiments campaign?
20th August-5th September 1940
29
When was the Dixie mission?
June 1944
30
When was the Civil War?
1946-1949
31
What were Sun's three principles of the people?
Nationalism, Democracy, People's livelihood.
32
What did the 21 demands consist of?
Extensive right in economic development in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, Control over mining in central China, control over Liaodong Peninsula near Korea and right to appoint Japanese advisor to Chinese government.
33
What did the New culture movement consist of?
Introducing new way of thinking such as Communism, nationalism, feminism. Language innovation and vernacularism, critique of Confucius, spreading of Communism.
34
Why did the student protest in May 4th Movement?
To protest handing over German colony in Shandong to Japan in the treaty of versailles.
35
What does the Sun-Joffe declaration consist of?
Soviet Union and CCP support Sun for national revolution against the warlords and form first united front, agreed that a national revolution must come before a socialist one.
36
Why did Jiang order the Shanghai massacre?
He was afraid that the growing reputation and strength of the Communists were a threat to his power.
37
What did Mao do in the Jiangxi Soviet?
Redistribute land to peasants and kill exploitative landlords, fixed grain tax of 15-20%, trained red army using volunteer force, set up code of conduct for red army using 3 main rule and 8 points of attention, implemented military tactic of guerrilla tactics, campaigned against child slavery, foot binding and forced marriages.
38
What did the aim of the New Life Movement?
Let Chinese people re-embrace the virtues of social decency, right conduct, honesty and self-respect by setting up rules of clean residents and find things to do if you have nothing to do.
39
What was the failures of the nationalist government in the Nationalist decade?
The failures include heavy corruption, inflation and excessive taxation
40
What were the importance of the events of the Long March: Zunyi Conference, Luding bridge, Snowy Mountain+High grasslands?
Zunyi conference: 28 Bolshevik lost power and Mao regained power
Luding bridge: Later used as a propaganda for defeating GMD and Communist heroism
Snowy Mountain+High Grassland: Used as propaganda for Communism resilience.
41
What was the reforms Mao made in Yan'an Soviet and what were the Yan'an ways
Reforms: Land redistribution, cut interest rate from 18% to 1.5%, rents cut down to no more than 25% of harvest. Literacy class which helped improve literacy rates. Yan'an ways are struggle, sacrifice, selflessness, diligence and courage.
42
What did the Rectification campaign consist of?
Purging Mao's political opponents of the 28 Bolsheviks, implementation of his own ideology and reeducating those who does not follow it.
43
What were the reasons why the GMD lost strength during the Sino-Japanese War?
The GMD lost their established industry, the economy of GMD destroyed due to war, the powerbase of resources and people were gone, they were forced to retreat to mountain and hard to establish new community and alienated social classes.
44
Why did the Second United front end?
GMD launched an attack against the New Fourth Army of the Red Army and killed 5000 people.
45
What were the aim of the Dixie mission?
46
What tactics did the Communists implement in the Sino-Japanese War?
The Communists mainly used guerrilla tactics. The communists also launched military campaigns such as the 100 regiments campaign.
47
What were causes of the Xi'an incident?
The GMD member, Zhang Xueliang, turned against Jiang Jieshi due to his wish to stop fighting with the CCP and focus on Japan.
48
What were some of the poor decision Jiang made during the Sino-Japanese War?
Jiang made poor decisions such as blow up the yellow river dikes in 1938, mismanagement of conscripts causing 1.5 million soldiers died before training. Inflation also occured.
49
Why did the Japanese massacred the Nanjing city and what were the effects of it?
To force Chinese people to submit to Japan using fear, the effects were death of around 300,000 Chinese civilians.
50
Why did the CCP won the Civil War?
CCP had higher morale compared to GMD. CCP had support from the peasants while the GMD lost support from the peasants.
51
How much seat did the GMD won in the first national assembly elections?
50%
52
What was the amount of loan Yuan Shikai borrowed from foreign banks in April 1913
100 million
53
How much students protested in front of Tiananmen square at May 4th Movement?
3000 Beijing university students
54
How many troops does Jiang have in the Northern expedition and how many does the warlord have?
85000 soldiers and 6000 Huangpu officers of Jiang, more than 750000 warlord soldiers.
55
How much GMD and CCP members were there by 1927?
300000 GMD members by 1927 and 60000 CCP members by 1927
56
How many Communists died in the Shanghai massacre and how many people died in the White terror?
5000-10000 died in Shanghai massacre. 300,000 people died in the white terror.
57
How much people did the Jiangxi Soviet govern?
3 million people.
58
How much people historians estimate died in the Futian purges?
20,000 people.
59
How many troops did Jiang have in his 5 encirclement campaigns?
1st: 100,000
2nd: 200,000
3rd: 300,000
4th: 500,000
5th:1,000,000
60
How much CCP troops and support staff were there when they started the long march and how much was left after they finish?
Start: 80000 Red Army and 20000 CCP support members.
Finish: 7000 people left.
61
How much people did the CCP left behind in Jiangxi at the start of the Long March?
28000 people
62
What are the 3 main rules of discipline and 8 points of attention? (Tricky question, don't have to name them all)
3 Main Rules of attention:
1. Obey all orders in your actions
2. Do not take a single needle or a piece of thread from the masses
3. Turn in everything captured.
8 points of attention:
1. Speak politely
2. Pay fairly when you buy
3. Return everything you borrow
4. Pay for anything you damage
5. Do not hit or swear at people
6. Do not damage crops
7. Do not take liberties with women
8. Do not ill treat captives.
63
Jiang's modernisation programs: Highway increase from ______ km in 1927 to _______ km in 1936. Factories increase from _______ in 1927 to ______ in 1932. High school increase from _______ in 1912 to ________ in 1932
Highways: 28000 km in 1927, 169749 in 1932
Factories: 1547 in 1927, 2695 in 1932
High schools: 373 in 1912, 1911 in 1932
64
How many taxes did the peasants in Gansu pay in 1930s
44 different taxes
65
How many villages were destroyed and how many people died during Jiang's blow up of the yellow river dikes?
4000 villages destroyed, 500000 people died in the blow up of yellow river.
66
What is the policy of three third?
A policy of the Yan'an soviet of CCP that states that one third of the administrative official in Yan'an were CCP members, One third other left wing parties and one third could be anyone except GMD and Japanese collaborators.
67
How much Chinese people died in the Sino-Japanese War?
3 million Chinese people and 18 million Chinese soldiers.
68
How much did the literacy rate rise in the Yan'an soviet?
1% in 1936 to 50% in 1943.
69
How much did the price rise between 1942 and 1944 in the Nationalist government?
237%
70
What was the change of purchase power of 100 Chinese dollars between 1937 to 1949:
1 oxen in 1937, one pig in 1939, a sack of flour in 1941, a hen in 1943, eggs in 1945, a piece of coal in 1945 and a sheet of paper in 1949.
71
“Parliament is an unworkable body. 800 men! _____ were good, _____ were passive, _______ useless. What have they done? They have no even agreed on the procedure." -Yuan Shikai
200 were good, 200 were passive, 400 useless.
72
“The Republic is universally recognised as the best form of state. ....... Never shall we allow the __________ system to reappear in China.”-Yuan Shikai
Monarchial
73
“Without ____________ ______________, what is the use of a ___________ __________?” (When commenting on Yuan Shikai)-Sun Yixian
Revolutionary reconstruction, revolutionary president
74
“The Republic is my child. It is in danger of drowning. I am trying to keep it afloat and we are both swept down the river.” Who said this quote?
Sun Yixian
75
“There comes a ______ ___________, downing I clutch at it… I know it is a straw, but it is better than nothing.”-Sun Yixian
Russian straw.
76
“Only when _____________ is eliminated can there be peace for mankind. To achieve this, we should first rejuvenate ______ ___________ and restore China’s position as a ________ __________.”- Sun Yixian
Imperialism, Chinese nationalism, Sovereign state
77
“I have never taken the view that I cannot cooperate with the Communists… But I also made it clear that while I was opposed to the opposition of the Communists, I will check their influence as soon as they grew too powerful.” Who said this quote?
Jiang Jieshi
78
"To sum up, the Long March ended with our __________, and our ______ ________.” -Mao Zedong
victory, enemy's defeat.
79
“Without a ______ _________, the people have nothing.”-Mao Zedong
People's army
80
“The Japanese are like a ______ ___ ____ _____: they can be cured. The Communists are like the _______ ___ ____ ______: it effects the whole body.”-Jiang Jieshi
Disease of the skin, disease of the soul.
81
“I am the Generalissimo; I do not err. China cannot do well without me.” Who said this quote?
Jiang Jieshi
82
“The Chinese soldier is excellent material, wasted and betrayed by stupid leadership.” Who said this quote?
General Joseph stirwell.
83
“China is who’s China? It sure as hell is not_____ _______”-Mao Zedong.
Jiang Jieshi's
84
“The revolutionary war is a _______ ____ _____ _______; it can be waged only by mobilising the masses and relying on them.”-Mao Zedong
War of the masses
85
“The poor peasants have _________ _____ ________; the poor peasants should now ____ ___ ____ _______.”-Mao Zedong
Conquered the country, sit on the country.
86
“Within a year of the end of the empire, China was back on a path of _________ ______.”-Jonathan Fenby
Autocratic rule
87
“He know how to make the old system work, but it turned out that…he had no vision of a new system.” John King Fairbank. Who is he commenting on?
Yuan Shikai
88
“The GMD had won spectacular success… it had purged its own ranks, subdued the warlords, and brought unity.” Who said this quote?
Terry Buggy
89
“The GMD … lost its ________ _______”-John King Fairbank
Revolutionary mission.
90
“The New Culture Movement began to ask what it meant to ____ ________.”-Steve Smith.
Be Chinese
91
“The ____ of Mao Zedong… was born out of the Long March, for Mao was the _______ who had led the survivors through the wilderness.”-Macurice Meisner
Cult, prophet
92
“The Jiangxi Soviet was a _____ ________.”-Delia Davin.
Social laboratory
93
“The New Life Movement aimed to create a citizenry that was self-aware, political consciousness and _________ ___ ____ ______.”-Rana Mitter.
Committed to the nation.
94
“By not actively participating in the _____ ____ _________, Jiang was ruining the morale of his soldiers and appearing weak to the people.”-Edwin Moise
War of resistance
95
“The CCP’s greatest ally was the Japanese army, whose atrocities left the _________ in such desperate situation that it had no recourse but to see the Red Army’s protection.”-Lucian Bianco.
peasantry
96
“The stone that one builder had _____ became the _________ of the other’s house.”-Immanuel Hsu on the peasants.
Rejected, cornerstone
97
What did nationalism of 3 principles of people mainly consist of?
Let China be a sovereign state free from influence of imperialism.
98
What was Sun Yixian's plan in turning China into a democratic country.
Sun Yixian believed in a gradual transformation to democracy. From 3 years military dictatorship after the revolution to stablise the country and then transform into a democratic nation.
99
What was agrarian socialism in Mao Zedong thought?
Focusing on agriculture and peasants and peasants should be the vanguard of the revolution.
100
What was Mao's ideology of people's war?
Mobilising the people and emphasise the people’s support and involvement in wars
