Russia AOS2 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
When was the Decree on Land and Decree on Peace?
A
27th October 1917
2
Q
When was the decree on marriage?
A
5th December 1917
3
Q
When was the creation of CHEKA?
A
7th December 1917
4
Q
When was the dissolve of the constituent assembly?
A
6th January 1918
5
Q
When was the red army founded?
A
23rd February 1918
6
Q
When was the treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
A
3rd March 1918
7
Q
When did the economic policy of State Capitalism take place?
A
April 1918-December 1918
8
Q
When did the revolt of the Czech Legion occur?
A
22nd May 1918
9
Q
When was the decree on Red Terror?
A
5th September 1918
10
Q
When was the Decree on Food Supply?
A
11th January 1919
11
Q
When did the Civil War take place?
A
1918-1921
12
Q
When did the economic policy of War Communism take place?
A
1918-1921
13
Q
When was the polish soviet war?
A
26th April 1920-18th March 1921
14
Q
When was the Kronstadt revolt?
A
1st March 1921-18th March 1921
15
Q
When was the 10th Party Congress
A
8th March-16th March 1921
16
Q
When was the treaty of Riga
A
18th March 1921
17
Q
When was the 1921 Famine?
A
1921-1922
18
Q
When was the scissor crisis?
A
1923-1928
19
Q
When was the NEP?
A
1921-1928
20
Q
What was time of The Great Literacy program?
A
1920s
21
Q
When was Electrification?
A
Started in 1921
22
Q
When did Lenin died?
A
21st January 1924
23
Q
What does the decree on land consist of?
A
Decree on land states that peasants can seize the land from the gentry and the churches without compensation.
24
Q
What does the decree on peace consist of?
A
Calling for a “just and democratic peace” which states that Russia should be withdrawn from the war “without annexations and without reparations.”
25
What does the decree on marriage consist of?
Granted women right to divorce, marriages based on mutual consent, women were guaranteed equal pay in the workplace.
26
Why did the Sovnarkom created the CHEKA?
The government needed its own political police force to investigate the counter revolutionary and criminal activities.
27
Why did the constituent assembly dissolved?
The Bolshevik were not the majority of the election and SR was majority. Therefore it impacted the legitimacy of Bolsheviks.
28
What is the percentage of seats for the Bolshevik and the SR in the constituent assembly?
Bolsheviks gain 24% of seats, SR gain 52% of seats
29
What did the Treaty of Brest-Litovisk consist of?
Russia lost 89% of coal and iron reserves, 34% of population, 32% of farmland, 52% of industrial enterprises and 26% of railways. 3 billion roubles as war reparations. Peace with Germany and withdraw from WW1.
30
How much people died in the Red Terror?
50000-200000
31
Why did the Bolshevik introduced decree on food supply and what were its effects
The Bolshevik had to gather supplies for the troops and workers. The Bolsheviks send grain requisition squads causing conflict with the local people. Therefore, this caused peasants to be unwilling to grow grain, contributed to the 1921 famine.
32
What are the key reason towards the Bolshevik victory in the civil war?
Geography- 70 million in red controlled territory and 8-10 million in White controlled territory.
Leadership of Trotsky- Gathering officers of Tsarist regime, political commissar.
Ideology-United in one ideology compared to the White army.
Propaganda- The red used propaganda to help unite its people towards winning.
33
When is the decree on Nationalisation?
28th June 1918
34
What are the key policies of War Communism?
Militarisation of the industry. Nationalisation of industry. Force labour of bourgeoisie. Grain requisitioning method such as committee of the poor and decree on food supply. State supplied services replaced wages.
35
What were the outcomes of the Polish Soviet war?
Russia were forced to cede large amount of land in Belarusian and Ukraine. Pay 30 million roubles compensation. Forsaken their belief of international revolution.
36
how many people died in the 1921 Famine?
5 million
37
What is the scissors crisis?
The surplus of agricultural goods caused the agricultural price to fall, while the shortage of industrial goods caused the industrial prices to rise. Therefore, the farmer had to produce more agricultural goods to buy industrial goods, which disadvantages them.
38
What are the key policies of NEP?
Abolition of money was cancelled, and cash wages were reintroduced. Grain requisitioning was replaced by a tax based on farmer's harvest and peasants were allowed to keep their grain after they paid the tax. Militarisation of the workplace was cancelled. Government sold small factories or leased it to private workers. The economy however was still under government control and sectors of the industry remained under state leadership.
39
How much has electric output improved in Russia from 1921 to 1926
520 KW in 1921 to 3508 KW in 1926
40
By how much was literacy improved in the Great Literacy program?
40% to 68% for men, and 16 to 56% for women.
41
What was Lenin's role in the Sovnarkom?
He was the Chairman of the new regime
42
What were Lenin's impacts in the study design?
Published most of the decrees in Sovnarkom, for example, decree on food supplies. Proposed an immediate peace with Germany resulted in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Lenin also pushed for electrification in the USSR.
43
What were the two roles of Trotsky during our study design and when did Trotsky switch roles?
First role is Commissar of foreign affairs. After the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Trotsky became the commissar of War.
44
What were Trotsky's impacts in this study design?
Trotsky was the father of the Red Army, he used method to make sure that it is well trained such as recruiting former Tsarist officers as military experts and attaching political commissar to each commanding officer.
45
What was Felix Dzerzhinsky's role in the new regime?
Head of the CHEKA.
46
What was the impact of Felix Dzerzhinsky in our study design?
He led the CHEKA to commit the Red Terror in the civil war period, ending up killing 50000-200000 people.
47
What was Alexander Kollontai's role in the new regime?
Commissar of social welfare
48
What was the main impact of Alexander Kollontai in this study design?
Leader of the Worker's oppositions who called for economy to be directly managed and directed by trade unions. She was later the head of the Zhenotdel. She was a firm believer in gender equality.
49
Who are the main leaders of the White army?
Kolchak, Deniken, Yudenich
50
Who were the main green army leaders?
Makhno, who led anarchist guerrilla forces, and Antonov, who led a peasant uprising
51
What were the main role of Zhenotdel and what were their aims
Provide commune kitchen, crèche and laundries which aimed to liberate women from their chores of family life.
52
In 1918-1919, illegal traders supported city dwellers with up to ____ of their bread.
60%
53
By 1920, most wages brought only ___ of what they brought in 1914. Prices of everyday goods had raise to ______ times their 1914 levels
2%, 6920
54
Amount of workers dropped from ________ in 1917 to _________ million in 1920
2.6 million, 1.2million
55
By 1920, Petrograd's population had fallen by ____ and Moscow's population had fallen by _____
70%, 50%
56
What are the ten petitions of the Kronstadt sailors (Naming all of them is hard but at least name 3 or 4)
1. New Soviet elections via secret ballot
2. Freedom of speech and press
3. Freedom of assembly
4. Rights for trade unions
5. Ending of the rights of communists to be the only permitted socialist party.
6. Release left wing prisoners.
7. Ending of special food rationing for Communist party members
8. Freedom of individuals to bring food from the country into towns without any confiscation
9. Withdrawal of political commissars from the factories
10. Ending the Communist monopoly of the press
57
Grain harvest _____ from 1921-1925 and wages from factories increased by ______
Doubled, 150%
58
Coal production increased by ______ by 1925 and steel production increased by _______ by 1926
11.5 million tonnes, 3.8 million tonnes
59
When did Russia make free, legal abortions available and why was it significant?
November 1920, it was the first country in the world to do so.
60
By 1917-1921, the amount of land under cultivation dropped by _______, and harvests were around _______ of their usual yield.
40%, 37%
61
What is "dictatorship of the proletariat"?
Dictatorship of the proletariat refers to the condition in which the proletarian state holds power and that the government seizes the means of production and control it. The state is also responsible for preventing counter-revolution and to facilitate in transition to a lasting communist society.
62
What is the concept of "means of production"?
Means of production is a term which describes land, labour and capital that could be used to produce products. An example of means of production is a sewing machine or a farmland.
63
“Much has been left in the world that must be destroyed by fire and iron.” Who said this quote?
Vladimir Lenin
64
“Our revolution is in danger. Do not concern yourselves with the form of _________. We need no _______ now.” –Felix Dzerzhinsky
Revolutionary Justice, Justice
65
“The dissolution of the constituent assembly by the soviet government means a complete and frank liquidation of the idea of _______ by the idea of _____.”-Vladimir Lenin
Democracy, dictatorship
66
“Naturally, the interests of this revolution stand higher than the former rights of the constituent assembly.” Who said this quote?
Vladimir Lenin
67
“The machine gun became for them the principle instrument of political persuasion." Who came up with this quote and which event did it comment on?
Richard Pipes, Dissolution of the Constituent assembly
68
“By closing the constituent assembly, the Bolsheviks signalled that they are ready to ________in defence of their regime.”- Stephan Smith
Wage war
69
“In spite of their seemly fatal isolation, the Bolshevik managed to consolidate their dictatorship” Who stated this quote?
Orlando Figes
70
“We are fighting to settle the question of whether the homes, palaces, cities, sun, and heavens will belong to the people who live by their labour, to the workers, peasants, and the poor, or whether they belong to the bourgeoisie.”-Leon Trotsky. What ideas to this quote portray?
If the Bolshevik lost the civil war, Russia will be controlled by the bourgeoisie and people will go back to being suppressed.
71
What countries send foreign interventionist groups to interfere in the Russian civil war?
Britain, France, Japan (There are a lot more but this is all you need to know)
72
“I can do nothing with my army. I am glad when it carries out my combat orders.” Which group in the civil war does this comment on and who said it?
White army, Deniken
73
“If I raise the republican flag, I lose half of my volunteers, and if I raise the monarchist flag, I lose the other half.”-Deniken. What does this demonstrate about the White Army?
It has a split ideology therefore causing them to be disorganised, leading up to their defeat.
74
“The red could claim to be defending the revolution whereas the white had a problem of image because they were associated with the old regime.” Which historian stated this quote?
Orlando Figes
75
“The civil war is not a popularity contest, and the reds were victorious despite their unpopularity because of their superiority in manpower and material.” Which historian stated this quote?
Richard Pipes
76
“A deserter of _____ is as contemptible and despicable as a deserter from the _____.”- Trotsky
labour, battlefield
77
“Our grandfathers, great grandfathers, and fathers all had to clean up the shit and filth of your grandfathers and fathers. Now you are going to do the same thing for us.”-Leon Trotsky. Which event was this quote depicting?
Force labour of bourgeoisie
78
“Lenin said that “Communism is Soviet power and electrification”. But the people are convinced that the Bolshevik form of communism is _____________________.”- Stepan Petrichenko
Commissarocracy plus firing squads
79
“If War Communism was a leap into socialism than the NEP is a leap out of socialism.”- Martin McCauley. What ideas does this quote aimed to convey?
That NEP betrayed the ideologies of socialism.
80
“One might have thought that these were not factories but forced labour prisons of Tsarist times.” Where do this quote came from?
Notes of a Kronstadt sailor.
81
“Communism equals __________ plus the _________ of the whole country.”-Vladimir Lenin.
Soviet power, Electrification
82
“Despite all their problems, the Soviet regime retained a version of political, economic and cultural belittlement.” Which historian stated this quote?
Robert service
83
“By 1921, the revolution had come full circle, and a new autocracy had been imposed on Russia.”- Orlando Figes. What ideas does this quote aim to convey?
The communist leaders were dictators just like the Tsar and little has been improved on the freedom of Russia
84
“The communist regime was a monumental failure. It succeeded in one thing only. To stay in power.”- Richard Pipes. What ideas does this quote aim to convey?
The Communist regime was not successful on improving the lives on the Russian people or fulfilling their ideology. However, they only seek to consolidate their own Dictatorship.
85
What were the main aims of the 10th party congress?
To ban opposition factions such as the Worker's Opposition in the Bolshevik party and to introduce the economic policy of NEP
86
What did the decree on Nationalisation consist of?
Nationalisation of factories employed more than 10 workers, factories with more than 5 workers if they used power machine will be nationalised
87
“The sooner we get rid of the bourgeoisie, the sooner we will reach true socialism.”-Felix Dzerzhinsky. How does this justify the Red terror?
He stated that red terror was implemented to get rid of bourgeoisie and it would help achieve their revolutionary goals of achieving true socialism.
88
“Instead of splitting the village, united it, in rage and fury against the Bolsheviks.”-Lars Lih. What was this quote commenting on?
Committee of the poor
89
“The red were the lesser evil by Russians, granting them active support and passive acceptance by the society.” Who stated this quote?
Shelia Fitzpatrick
90
Which group were the "Reddest of the Red?"
Kronstadt sailors.
91
What were the ideologies and goals of the Bolsheviks after they succeeded in overthrowing Provisional government?
Peace, Bread, Land. To hold elections and form the constituent assembly, to protect the revolution.
92
“Bolshevik thought transition to communism was imminent as there was a wildly impractical and utopian streak in their thinking” Who stated this quote?
Shelia Fitzpatrick
93
What does militarised workplaces in War Communism include?
Workplaces militarised. Strikes were threatened with execution. Absenteeism were punished with more difficult duties and reduce in rations. Longer working hours were introduced to all industries.
94
Why did the Sovnarkom form Committee of the poor and what were its jobs
To let the poorer peasants turn on richer peasants like Kulaks. The theory was that the poor peasants would uncover surplus grain and livestock of the Kulak and hand it over to soviet officials. The poor peasants get to keep a percentage of the amount they confiscated.
95
What were some of the impacts of White terror?
In Ukraine 50000 to 200000 Jews were murdered. Tortured and killed Communists.
96
What were the outcome of the Kronstadt revolt?
At least 10000 Red Army soldiers killed in the siege and 5000 Kronstadt sailors dead. Communists later executed 2300 sailors and sent 6459 to prison or labour camps.
97
“To produce a new, improved version of men- that is the future task of communism.”- Leon Trotsky. What were the ideas this quote conveys?
Communism is effective and it can help improve our society to a significant extent. Could use in an essay to demonstrate communist optimism
98
What were the attitudes of Lenin, Bukharin and Trotsky in the question of peace or war towards Germany in WW1 before Treaty of Brest Litovsk?
Lenin proposed an immediate peace because Russia's revolution must be safeguarded at all cost and the soldiers are unwilling to fight. Bukharin proclaimed to sign a treaty with Germany means give in to imperialist and capitalist power and they must fight to spark a socialist uprising in Germany and fulfil international revolution dream. Trotsky proclaimed that neither peace nor war and that by doing so it will help develop a internal worker's revolution within Germany.
99
Why did the Czech legion revolt?
Local Soviet authority felt threatened by the Czech legion and attacked their trains carrying Czech soldiers and demanded disarm. Therefore, this caused an uprising and therefore caused the Civil War.
100
What are the initial changes Bolsheviks faced when they overthrow provisional government?
Banks denied Bolshevik access. Violence and disorder broke out and wine riots were evident. Many were drunk which caused disorder.
