China pt.2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Imperalism
a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force, all noteworthy world powers have practiced this, can lead to colonialism
Spheres of Influence
an area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas are guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.
China calls this period their century of humilation. Russia, UK, France, and Japan all had spheres in China.
Boxer Rebellion (1900-1901)
a violent rebellion lead by a group of anti-foreigners where they attacked Christian missionaries and other foreign representatives in response to the spheres of influence and imperialism in China
Results of the Boxer Rebellion
- further demoralization (cuz the boxers lost, foreign militaries combined to take them on)
- belief that dynasties could no longer offer protection from outside powers
- would lead to puppet government by Japanese in Manchuria
- the end of dynasties
- would lead to Civil War in 1911
Decline of the Qing Dynasty
By the early 20th century, the empire was in decline, with foreign powers taking Chinese land and protectorates.
Pan-Asianism
by 1941, Japanese imperial ambitions had succeeded in conquering much of East Asia, and called it as Pan Asianism
they claimed they were uniting Asia against Western imperialism, when really they were also being imperialists
Sun Yat Sen
- formed the KMT (nationalist party of China)
- The ‘Father of the Chinese Republic’
- Originally schooled in Communism, also schooled in the US
- Established 3 principals with the help of the USSR: nationalism, democracy, and good livelihood
- Western powers saw him as a Communisy Sympathizer and did not support
Nationalist Party of China - KMT - Kuomintang
successfully overthrew the Qing Dynasty, made its last leader Pu-Ye a puppet government, and formed in 1912 out of many revolutionary factions come together
Three Principals of Sun Yat Sen
Nationalism - faith & pride in China and the Chinese ppl, freedom from outside rule
Democracy - free elections and rule by the choice of the people
Good Livelihood - the people deserve a better quality of life, social welfare
Chiang Kai-Shek (lead from 1925-75)
- Leader of Nationalist Party after Sun Yat-Sen
- First president of the Republic of China (now called Taiwan)
- He was vocally anti-communist, West supported him
- Military leader that tries to defeat the ‘internal enemy’
- He worked with war lords, with organized crime, had many human rights violations with no tolerance for protests/demonstrations
- fails to defeat communists
Mao Zedong (leader (1949-76))
- Communist Leader of China
- Active in the Communist Party before the Civil War
- Mao is schooled in Marxist theory, but was not a pure Marxist
- Believes in peasant revolution, Maoism - agricultural revolution
(as opposed to a factory worker revolution in Europe) - leadership solidifed by the Long March
The Long March (1933-34)
- Mao’s troops march to avoid capture by the Nationalists
100,000 communists walk 6,000 miles under threat from the KMT - As they march, their communist-pesant uplifting ideas inspire peasants along the way to join them
- This march is what solidified Mao’s leadership
Chinese Civil War
- Fought between KMT and CCP
- Intermittent fighting from 1927-36 and then more in 1945-60 (they largely stop fighting during ww2 to focus on resisting the invading Japanese)
- No peace treaty has ever been signed –> Taiwan/China issue today
- 2.5 mil dead
- Mao’s Strategy: let the KMT fight the Japanese; guerrilla tactics
Results; Mao proclaims the PRC (Mao wins)
The Great Leap Forward (1958)
Mao’s plan to modernize China, but what actually happened as a result?:
Factories built over farms
Problems like drought, famine, natural disasters
War on old habits, focus on hygiene and cleanliness
war on old habits also relates to Mao Party trying to eliminate traditional religious like Confucianism, which promotes deference to elders
PRC promotes idea that future will be brought about by the young people
Labor problems
20-30 million people starved to death
mockingly called “the great leap backward” because it failed
Mao and the PRC would lie basically, falsely propagating the idea that China was reaching the production numbers & had plenty of food
Big emphasis on not ‘falling behind’, beating the West
Campaigns launched by the government that the everyone was expected to take part in and uphold
would say “do you love your country? then do this!”
Collective Farming
all workers would work together and benefit from the food together
The Sparrow Campaign
PRC was like hey sparrows eat crop seeds and so they asked the citizens to kill sparrows for the government, the more sparrows killed → the more appreciation from the government (praise & awards)
Those who killed fewer → criticism and admonishments
But sparrows also eat bugs, and so without them, these bugs completely decimated crops
Four official pests that the Government detested: rats, sparrows, mosquitos, and flies
The May Fourth Movement (1919)
Following World War I, China hoped to regain territories lost to foreign powers. However, the Paris Peace Conference, which decided the fate of these territories, awarded Shandong province to Japan, fueling widespread anger and resentment among the Chinese people.
Student Protests:
On May 4, 1919, students in Beijing organized a large demonstration against the decision to transfer Shandong to Japan.
Emphasis on:
Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science, modern & powerful China!
The New Life Movement (1934):
movement by Chiang Kai Shek revitalizing morality and unity through a new way of living
- focused on basic principles like “propriety, righteousness, integrity, and conscience”
- emphasized disciplined and hygienic behavior as a starting point
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
founded in 1949 by Mao Zedong after the communist victory in the Civil War
Agrarian Reform Law (1950)
redistributed land from landlords to peasants
Marriage Law (1950)
abolished traditional marriage practices like arranged marriages, said equal treatment of spouses, choice of partner, protection of women & children
The Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
- The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a ten-year political campaign - a social experiment aimed at rekindling revolutionary fervour and purifying the party
- attack on intellect, targetted teachers
- Birth of the Red Guards
- Thousands sent to re-thinking/re-education camps.
- Destroy the four olds
- Ultimately ruins Mao and China’s economy
The Four Olds
Old ideas
Old cultures
Old customs
Old habits
Red Guards
paramilitary - not the official army, but a militia)
made up of the youth (teenagers), because Mao wanted to attack ‘old ways’
The Little Red Guards - the children ones
Kids would turn in their own family members if they believed they had anti-Mao thoughts (very 1984)
had to carry the little red books and memorize some sections
