Choice of drug (final exam) Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Reversal of competitive neuromuscular blockers
A
Neostigmine
Parasympathomimetic
Indirect (Reversible)
Anticholinesterases
2
Q
Myasthenia gravis
A
Pyridostigmine
Parasympathomimetics
Indirect (Reversible)
Anticholinesterases
3
Q
Tensilon test. Fast acting.
A
Edrophonium
Parasympathomimetics
Indirect (Reversible)
Anticholinesterases
4
Q
Differentiate myathenic crisis from cholinergic crisis.
A
Edrophonium
Parasympathomimetic
Indirect (reversible)
Anticholinesterases
5
Q
DUMBELLS. Muscarinic effects, nicotinic effects, CNS effect.
A
Organophosphate toxicity
Parasympathomimetics
Indirect (irreversible)
Anticholinerasterase
6
Q
Muscarinic effect
A
Salivation, urination, defecation
7
Q
Cholinergic effects
A
Bradycardia, bronchospasm
8
Q
Nicotinic effects
A
Muscle tremors, muscle weakness, muscle paralysis
9
Q
Preferred over atropine in rabbits
A
Glycopyrrolate
Parasympatholytics
Direct acting
Muscarinic antagonist
10
Q
Treat cycloplegia (horses) and bradycardia
A
Atropine
Parasympatholytics
Direct acting
Muscarinic antagonist
11
Q
Relaxes detrusor muscle.
A
Oxybutynin and Propantheline
Parasympatholytics
Direct acting
Muscarinic antagonist
12
Q
All adrenergic receptors. Treat cardiac arrest, local anesthestia.
A
Epinephrine
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
13
Q
Alpha-1,2, beta-1 agonist. Cardiac arrest. No bronchodilation.
A
Norepinephrine
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
14
Q
Alpha-1 and beta-1 agonist. Effects depend on dose. Cardiac arrest.
A
Dopamine
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
15
Q
Beta-1 agonist. Positive inotropic/chronotropic. Short 1/2 life.
A
Dobutamine
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
16
Q
Beta-1 agonist. Positive inotropic/chronotropic effect. Bronchodilation.
A
Isoproterenol
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
17
Q
Alpha-1 agonist. Treat hypotension in cats and dogs. Increase peripheral vascular resistance.
A
Phenylephrine
sympathomimetics
Direct acting
18
Q
Poke yourself with xylazine.
A
HYPOtension
19
Q
Effect of alpha-2 agonist
A
Inhibition of NE release
20
Q
Alpha-2 agonist. Least selective. An emetic drug in cats (used more in large animals).
A
Xylazine
21
Q
Alpha-2 agonist. Most selective. Commonly used for small animals. More potent vasoconstriction.
A
Dexmedetomidine
22
Q
Initial (peripheral) phase: vasoconstriction
Later (central) phase: vasodilation > hypotension.
A
Alpha-2 agonists
23
Q
Effects on lungs leading to pulmonary edema in sheep.
A
Alpha-2 agonists.
24
Q
Alpha-2 agonists. Standing procedures. Sublingual gel.
A
Detomidine (sublingual gel), Romifidine
25
Sedative, muscle relaxation, mild analgesia, biphasic repsonse.
Alpha-2 agonists
26
Alpha-2 antagonists (Reverse all effects, including any analgsia). IM.
Which drug is the least selective? Which drug is the most selective?
Least selective: Yohimbine and tolazoline
| Most selective: Atipamezole
27
Partitioning agent. Leanness in food animals.
Ractopamine and Zilpaterol
Non-selective beta agonists
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
28
Equine dystocia. Bronchodilation.
Clenbuterol
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
Beta-2
29
Used more in small animals. Uterine relaxation.
Terbutaline
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
Beta-2
30
Bronchodilators, C-section in cattle, navicular disease in horses.
Isoxsuprine
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
Beta-2
31
Aerosol inhaler in horses and cats. Salmeterol (Serevent, Advair).
Albuterol/Salbutamol
Sympathomimetics
Direct acting
Beta-2
32
Tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, monamine oxidase inhibitor.
Sympathomimetics
| Indirect acting
33
Treat urinary incontinence.
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)
Sympathomimetics
Indirect: increase NE (primary) and direct: alpha-1 agonist
34
Increase BP. Urinary sphincter contraction.
Ephedrine
Sympathomimetics
Indirect: increase NE (primary) and direcT: alpha-1, beta agonist
35
Urinary retention due to urethral hypertonicity. Pheochromocytoma.
Phenoxybenzamine
Sympatholytic
Direct (Irreversible)
Alpha antagonist
36
Vasodilation. Urinary retention due to urethral hypertonicity.
Prazosin
Sympatholytics
Direct acting
Alpha-1 antagonist
37
Treat tachyarrhythmias. Feline hyperthyroidism.
Propanolol
Sympatholytics
Beta-antagonist
38
Better choice than propanolol with asthma patients.
Atenolol
Sympatholytics
Beta-1 antagonist
39
Chocolate (Methylxanthine) toxicity.
Metoprolol
Sympatholytics
Beta-1 antagonist
40
Class III anti-arrythmic.
Sotalol
Sympatholytic
Beta-antagonist
41
Calming equines (long term stall rest)
Reserpine
Sympatholytics
Indirect acting
42
Face/tail > limbs > swallowing > abdominal muscles > respiratory muscles
Succinylcholine
| Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (non-competitive)
43
```
Phase I (Ach receptors, prevents complete repolarization).
Phase II (Nicotinic receptors, paralysis)
IV!
```
Succinylcholine
| Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (non-competitive)
44
Competitive neuromuscular blocker (non-depolarizing) that is unchaged in urine.
Pancuronium
45
Competitive neuromuscular blocker that spontaneously degrades in plasma.
Atracurium
46
Competitive neuromuscular blockers that are metabolized by the liver and excreted in bile and urine.
Vecuronium and Rocuronium
47
Competitive neuromuscular blocker that has a fast onset of action.
Rocuronium
48
Terminated by sugammadex
Rocuronium
49
Increase bladder contractility (treat detrusor atopy)
Bethanechol
Parasympathomimetics
Direct acting
Muscarinic agonist
50
Drug of choice (DOC) for tachyarrhythmias in cats?
Beta-blockers
51
Treatment of Incomplete AV block.
Atropine
52
Treatment of myocardial hypertrophy in cats.
Diltiazam
53
Treatment of hypertension in dogs (indirect vasodilation).
ACE inhibitors
54
Drug of choice for central diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
55
Drug of choice for ventricular tachycardia in dogs
Lidocaine
56
Drug of choice for atrial fibrillation in horses
Quinidine
57
Drug of choice for hypertension in cats
Amlodipine
58
Drug of choice for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Thiazide diuretics
59
Drug of choice for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in dogs
Digoxin
60
Moderate effect. PCT and descending limb. Diuretics.
Osmotic diuretics (mannitol)
61
Moderate effect. Act on PCT. Treat open angle-glaucoma.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (Acetazolamide, dorzolamide)
62
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
Acetazolamide, dorzolamide
63
Weak diuretics. Late distal tubules and collecting duct.
K-sparing diuretics
64
Aldosterone antagonist. Combine with loop/thiazide (prevent heart failure).
Spironolactone (K-sparing diuretics)
65
Cause hypokalemia. Diuretics.
Osmotic, CA inhibitors, Loop, Thiazide
66
Cause hyperkalemia. Diuretics.
K-sparing diuretics
67
Cause acidosis. Diuretics.
K-sparing diuretics, CA inhibitors
68
Cause alkalosis. Diuretics.
Loop, Thiazide
69
Sodium Channel blockers. K-sparing diuretics.
Triamterene and Amiloride
70
Most effective diuretic. High ceiling diuretic. Act on transporters.
Loop diuretics
71
Treat drug overdose.
Mannitol
72
Loop diuretics.
Furosemide
| Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid.
73
K- sparing diuretics.
Spironolactone, Trameterene, Amilordie
74
2nd most effective diuretic. Increase reabsorption of Ca2+.
Thiazide diuretics
75
Thiazide diuretics
Hydrocholorothiazide and Chlorothiazide
76
Treat dilated cardiomyopathy.
Inodilators (Pimobendan)
DON'T GET CONFUSED WITH HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (Because this drug should not be used for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
Early treatment: Carvedilol (beta-blocker)
77
ACE inhibitors (Vasodilators, treat hypertension)
Enalapril, benazepril
78
Diuretics. Cardiac stimulants.
Loop, thiazide, K-sparing.
79
Drug of choice for cardiac resuscitation
Epinephrine
80
Hydralazine
Arteriolar vasodilator
81
Treat ANGINA
Nitrate
| Calcium channel blockers (better than beta blockers)
82
Calcium channel blockers (vasodilators and antihypertensive)
Verapamil, dilitizem, amlodipine
83
Beta-blockers (indirect vasodilation)
Carvedilol, Metroprolol, Atenolol
84
Decrease musculoskeletal tone. Alleviate muscle spasms, pain. Adjunct to anesthesia.
Peripherally acting muscle relaxants.
85
Peripherally acting muscle relaxants
Dantrolene, Guaifenesin, Methocarbamol
86
Muscle cells (muscle relaxant). Ryanodine receptor antagonist. Treat malignant hyperthermia. IV.
Dantrolene
87
Spinal Cord (muscle relaxant). Used for equine (hypotension) and cattle (off label). May cause thrombophlebitis and hemolysis.
Guaifenesin
88
Spinal cord (muscle relaxant). IVDD and urethral obstruction. Approved for dogs, cat,s horses.
Methocarbamol
89
Behavioral change. Patient is relaxed. Aware of the surroundings.
Tranquilizer (neurokpetic, anxiolytic)
90
Induces sleep
Hypnotic
91
CNS depression and drowsiness, decreased awareness of surroundings.
Sedative
92
Stupor bordering on anesthesia
Narcotic
93
Catatonic state.
Dissociative anesthesia
94
Non-painful procedures
Sedation and muscle relaxants
95
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Glutamate (NMDA receptor), acetylcholine, 5-HT3
96
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA, glycine
97
Sustained rise in body temp. Anesthetic halothane. Rhabdomyolysis
Malignant hyperthermia
98
Involuntary muscle activity (postural tone), opisthotonos
Extrapyramidal signs
99
Dopamine receptor antagonist.
Sedative, pre-med, antiemetic, antihistamine, antipsychotic (human).
NO analgesia.
Hypotension side effect.
Phenothiazines
100
Dopamine receptor antagonist. Boxers sensitive. Aggressive dogs become more aggressive. Hypotension side effect.
Acepromazine
101
Butyrophenone (similar effects as phenothiazines)
Azaperone and Haloperidol
102
Feather picking behavior in birds.
haloperidol
103
Reducing aggression in pigs.
Azaperone
| Butorphanol - Azaperone - Medetomidine for darting wild ungulates.
104
Sedation/anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, appetite stimulant, minimal cardio/resps.
NO analgesia.
Benzodiazepines
105
Potentiate GABA receptors.
| More effective in ruminants.
Benzodiazepines
106
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam, midazolam, alprazolam, flumazenil
107
Control prevent of a cluster seizures. IV.
Diazepam
108
IM version of diazepam.
Midazolam
109
Outpatient management for non-acute seizures.
Alprazolam
110
Reversal agent for benzodiazepines (inverse agonists and antagonists)
Flumazenil
111
Schedule II drug. Full mu agonists.
| Analgesia, preanesthetic, neuroleptanalgesia, antitussive, emesis.
Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, fentanyl, carfentanil
112
Full mu agonist. Most histamine release. Higher incidence of vomiting. Combined with BUPIVACAINE for epidurals.
Morphine
113
Full mu agonists. Less histamine release than morphine.
Hydromorphone and Oxymorphone (more expensive)
114
Full mu agonist. Transdermal solution. More portent and lipophilic than morphine.
Fentanyl
115
Full mu agonist. Very potent. Darting wild animals.
Carfentanil
116
Full mu agonist. Mixed agonist at mu, kappa, delta. Darting wild animals.
Etrophine.
117
Partial mu agonist. Beneficial for cats. More potent than morphine. NO ANALGESIA.
Buprenorphine
118
Mixed mu agonist/antagonist. Analgesia. Visceral pain in animals.
Butorphanol
119
Respiratory suppression but analgesia will be reversed. Block full mu agonists.
Full mu antagonists
120
Reversal of Carfentanil and Etorphine. Long duration.
Naltrexone and Diprenorphine.
121
Full mu antagonists.
Naloxone, Naltrexone, Diprenorphine, Metylnaltrexone
122
To reverse opioid induced resp or cardio depression in patients that received a full mu agonist.
Naloxone
123
Often formulated with homatrpine or acetaminophen. Orally in dogs as an antitussive. Schedule II drug.
Hydrocodone (opioid)
124
Analgesia. Excitement. Surgical anesthesia. Medullary paralysis. Death.
General anesthesia
125
Potentiate GABA receptors. Dose Dependent CNS depression.
General anesthesia
126
Barbiturates
Phenobarbital, pentobarbital, thiopental
127
Euthanasia barbiturate
Pentobarbital
128
Barbiturate used to control seizures
Phenobarbital
129
Cause myoclonic movements, epilepticus, CNS excitatory toxicant.
Cats: Heinz body, Horses: Excitement at induction.
IV slowly
Propofol (Propoflo, Propoflo28)
130
Neurosteroid analog of progesterone. Less cardiovascular effect than propofol. IV and IM.
Alfaxalone
131
Avoid in Addison's, fewer cardiovascular effects (no cardio depression)
Etomidate
132
Burbiturate that does not completely relax abdominal muscle. NO CRI. Cats more sensitive.
Thiopental
133
Catalepsy, amnesia, and anesthesia. NMDA receptor block. IV, IM (painful). Resp. stimulation at low and suppression at high. NO MUSCLE TONE (reflexes preserved).
Dissociative agents
134
Dissociative agents
Ketamine and Tiletamine
135
Class III controlled substance. SPECIAL K (Street drug). Anesthesia.
Ketamine
136
Combination with Zolazepam (benzodiazepine). Rough recovery for dogs. Anesthesia.
Dissociative agents
