Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 1204 > Chordata > Flashcards

Chordata Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What characterizes the phylum Chordata?

A

4 anatomic features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does studying invertebrates in Chordata allow for?

A

Clues to the origins of vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 subphyla of the phylum Chordata? Examples

A

1- Urochordata = tunicates
2- Cephalochordata = lancelets
3- Vertebrata = vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 4 common features that all Chordatas have at some stage in their life?

A

1- Notochord
2- Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3- Pharyngeal slits
4- Post-anal tail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the notochord? When is it present? Where is it?

A

Present in all chordate embryos
Longitudinal, flexible rod
Between digestive tube and nerve cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the notochord made from?

A

Large fluid-filled cells in stiff fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the notochord do?

A

Skeletal support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the notochord turn into in humans?

A

Gelatinous (Jelly) material of the disks between vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the dorsal hallow nerve cord develop?

A

In embryo - from plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop into?

A

Central nervous system = brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the pharyngeal gill slits found? (3)

A

Connected to the pharynx, behind the mouth and to the outside of the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the pharyngeal gill slits do?

A

Allows water to enter mouth and exit without going through digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the pharyngeal slits function as in invertebrates of Chordata?

A

Suspension feeding devices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the pharyngeal gill slits turn into?

A

Slits and structures become - modified gas exchange (water vertebrates), jaw support, hearing and more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the post-anal tail?

A

Muscular tail that extends past the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the post-anal tail contain?

A

Skeletal elements and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the post-anal tail do?

A

Pushing force for aquatic species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of the subphylum Urochordata?

A

Tunicates = sea squirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are Urochordata found? How do they move?

A

Marine - sessile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do Urochordata feed?

A

Suspension-feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain the process of suspension-feeding for Urochordatas

A

Water passes inside animal by
incurrent siphon -> gill slits -> ciliated chamber (atrium) -> food is trapped here -> water exits through excurrent siphon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are Urochordata encased in?

A

In a tunic of cellulose-like carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What of the 4 characteristics of Chordata are seen in young and adult Urochordata?

A

Young - all 4

Adult - only pharyngeal gill slits retained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an example of Cephalochordata?

A

Lancelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What of the 4 characteristics of Chordata are seen in young and adult Cephalochordata?
``` Young = all 4 Adult = retain all 4 ```
26
How do Cephalochordata feed? Explain
Suspension feeders - mucus nets across gills trap particles
27
How do Cephalochordata respire?
A little in part by pharynx and gill slits | Mainly across external body surface
28
Where are Cephalochordata found? Do they move?
Found tail end buried | Frequently move burrow sites by swimming
29
Explain how Cephalochordata swim
Contraction of chevron-shaped muscles flexes notochord and pushes body forwards
30
How are the chevron-shaped muscles used for swimming developed in Cephalochordata?
From blocks of mesoderm - called somites | Arranged along each side of notochord in embryos
31
What are the 2 stages of the evolution of vertebrates from invertebrates?
1- ancestral Cephalochordata evolved form oranges similar to larva form of Urochordata 2- vertebrates evolved from Cephalochordata
32
What is the hypothesis of Cephalochordata evolving from larva Urochordata?
Paedogenetic
33
Explain the hypothesis of Paedogenetic
Larva developed sexual maturity before metamorphism - if successful than natural selection would have reinforced this
34
Is there any evidence of the hypothesis Paedogenetic?
No evidence supporting or contradicting it
35
What are 3 distinct features of the subphylum Vertebrata?
1- head protected by cranium 2- backbone 3- bones
36
What else is unique to Vertebrata?
Neural crest cells
37
What are the 6 milestones of Vertebrata evolution?
``` 1- cranium 2- backbone 3- jaws/lungs 4- 4 limbs = colonized land 5- amniotic eggs 6- mammary glands ```
38
What are Gnathostoma?
Jawed vertebrates
39
What does having a jaw mean for the Gnathostoma? (2)
1- wide range of feeding niches | 2- evolved from gill arches in pharynx
40
How did vertebrates move onto land? Common ancestor?
Became tetrapods | Common ancestor shared with fleshy finned fish
41
What is the intermediate between an amphibian and a lobe-finned fish?
Tiktaalik
42
What happened to the amphibians after colonizing land?
Diversified out = age of amphibians
43
Though amphibians colonized land, they must spend most of life in water. Why?
They are dependent on water for reproduction
44
Would amphibians be able to survive and thrive in rainforests?
Yes = moist habitat for reproduction
45
How do amphibians respire?
Small lungs so have cutaneous gas exchange = gas exchange across moist skin
46
What developed next for amphibians to move away from water?
Amniotic eggs
47
What are amniotic eggs?
Drought-resistant = external water not necessary for production
48
What are the 4 extraembryonic membranes?
1- yolk sac 2- chorion 3- allantois 4- amnion
49
What is inside the amnion of an egg?
Amnion is the member with Amniotic cavity filled with amniotic fluid which protects the developing embryo
50
Explain the allantois of the egg
Stores excreted waste of the developing embryo
51
What is the yolk of the egg for? Where is it?
Nutrients and energy for the embryo | Contains within yolk sac
52
What is the chorion of an egg?
Outside membrane before shell
53
How are amniotes (eggs) classified?
How many temporal arches and opening on their skull
54
What are the 5 groups of diapsids (reptiles)?
``` 1- tuataras 2- lizards 3- snakes 4- crocodiles 5- birds ```
55
What are synapsids?
Mammals
56
How do we distinguish diapsids (reptiles) for synapsids (mammals)?
All synapsids have mammary glands
57
What are 2 other features to distinguish a mammal?
1- fur or hair | 2- endothermy
58
What is fur and endothermy? How is it used?
Endothermy - maintain body temp with metabolism | Homeothermy - maintain body temp requires fur
59
What is the hypothesized reason as to why humans don't have fur?
Reduce number of external parasites
60
Mammals are divided into 3 groups, what are they?
Monotremes Marsupials Eutherials
61
What are monotremes? Milk?
Egg-laying mammals | Milk secreted by mammary glands into milk patched
62
What are marsupials?
Short gestation = young born underdeveloped and at birth crawl to mammary the gland to suckle milk
63
What are Eutherials?
Longer gestation = developed at birth and weaned at early aged
64
Explain the yolk of Eutherials
Reduced as embryo is nourished by mother's blood = had placenta
65
How are marsupials embryo nourishment different than Eutherials?
By yolk sac placenta = limited resources

Biology 1204 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions