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Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 ways do fungi live?

A

As decomposers and symbionts

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2
Q

Why can fungi live as decomposers and symbionts?

A

Because they absorb their nutrition

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3
Q

How has fungi evolved that has allowed them to survive absorbing their nutrition?

A

Extensive surface are and rapid growth

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4
Q

How do fungi reproduce?

A

Sexual and asexual reproduction that releases spores

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5
Q

What stage does many fungi have?

A

Heterokaryotic - reproductive where more than 1 nuclei (from different separate mating types) is present w/in same cytoplasm

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6
Q

What are the 4 ways in which fungi differ from eukaryotes?

A

1- nutrition mode
2- structural organization
3- growth
4- reproduction

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7
Q

What is it called when fungi (like animals) require their nutrition from absorption?

A

Heterotrophic

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8
Q

What do fungi use to help breakdown food surrounding it so it can absorb the simpler compounds?

A

Exoenzymes - powerful hydrolytic enzymes secreted outside

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9
Q

What are the 3 roles of fungi play due to their absorption of nutrients?

A

1- saprobic (decomposer)
2- parasitic
3- mutualistic

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10
Q

Explain Saprobic as a role fungi play due to their absorption of nutrients

A

(Decomposers) Fungi absorb nutrients from nonliving organisms

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11
Q

Explain Parasitic as a role fungi play due to their absorption of nutrients. What can some be?

A

Fungi absorb nutrients from the cell of living hosts - some infecting humans and plants can be pathogenic

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12
Q

Explain Mutualistic as a role fungi play due to their absorption of nutrients

A

Fungi absorb nutrients from host organism but they also give back with functions that benefits their partner/host in some way

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13
Q

Explain the bodies of fungi (2)

A

Vegetative bodies constructed of tiny filaments = hyphae

When hyphae are interwoven mat = mycelium

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14
Q

What does the fungi filament hyphae have? What is it mainly built from?

A

Have cell walls

Built mainly from chitin

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15
Q

What are the cell walls in hyphae also be called?

A

Septa

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16
Q

Though hyphae have septa/cell walls they are not completely closed off from neighboring cells. Why?

A

They have pores so ribosomes/mitochondria/etc can flow between cells

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17
Q

What is fungi called when it lacks septa? Explain

A

Coenoytic = consists of continuous cytoplasmic mass with load of nuclei

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18
Q

What does parasitic fungi have some of their hyphae modified into?

A

Haustoria = nutrient absorbing hyphal tips that penetrate the tissue of their host

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19
Q

If fungi use sexual and asexual reproduction to produce spores that then are released, what is relied on to move the spores?

A

Water and wind

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20
Q

What happens to fungi spores when they land in a moist place?

A

Germinate to produce mycelia - if food is around the area

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21
Q

What are most spores and hyphae of fungi?

A

Haploid

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22
Q

Does fungi have a diploid stage?

A

Yes - During the sexual life cycles

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23
Q

What happens genetically to some mycelia in fungi? Called?

A

Fusion of 2 hyphae with still 2 genetically different nuclei = heterokaryotic mycelium

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24
Q

In the sexual life cycle of fungi, what is karyogamy?

A

Fusion of haploid nuclei of 2 different “parents”

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25
In the sexual life cycle of fungi, what is plasmogamy?
When the cytoplasm of the 2 "parents" fuse = becomes heterokaryotic mycelium
26
Describe the asexual reproduction of fungi (4)
Mycelium develop store-producing structures Spores are released Spores germinate Become new mycelium
27
Describe the sexual reproduction of fungi (5)
Within Mycelium hyphae will go through plasmogamy (cytoplasm fuse) = heterokaryotic stage Karyogamy will happen (fusion of nuclei) = zygote Meiosis = spore producing structures Spores released Germination of spores = mycelium
28
How many phylums are in fungi?
4
29
What are the 4 phylums of fungi?
1- Chytridiomycota 2- Zygomycota 3- Ascomycota 4- Basidiomycota
30
When did fungi start appearing on land?
Around the same time plants did
31
What did the first forms of fungi look like?
Aquatic flagellated organisms
32
Where are the phylum Chytridiomycota found?
Mainly aquatic
33
What 2 roles does the phylum Chytridiomycota live in environments?
Saprobes = Decomposers | Parasitic - to protists, plants and animals
34
Where is the phylum Zygomycota found?
Terrestrial living in soil or on decaying plant/animal
35
What is one Zygomycota group? What do they do?
Mycorrhizae - have mutualistic relationship with plant roots
36
What can be said about the hyphae in the phylum Zygomycota?
Lack septa so it is coenocytic fungi
37
Does the phylum Zygomycota have any septa if they are coenocytic?
Found only in reproductive structure
38
What is another example of the phylum Zygomycota? Common name?
Rhizopus stolonifer - black bread mold
39
How does the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota form?
Horizontal hyphae spread out over food, penetrates it and digest its nutrients
40
What structure develops in the asexual reproduction of the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota?
100's of haploid spores develop in sporangia at tips of hyphae
41
What makes the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota reproduce sexually?
When environmental conditions worsen
42
What 2 structures develop in the sexual reproduction of the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota?
Plasmogamy (cytoplasm fusion of 2 mating types) produce a zygosporangium Inside heterokaryotic fuse to form diploid nuclei and undergo meiosis
43
Describe the asexual reproduction of the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota from start to end (4)
Mycelium will produce/grow sporangia Spores are produced in sporangia Spores get released Spores germinate into mycelium
44
Describe the sexual reproduction of the Rhizopus stolonifer the phylum Zygomycota from start to end (8)
2 mycelia match up Between them produce gametangia w/ haploid nuclei They undergo plasmogamy to produce zygosporangium = heterokaryotic structure When the nuclei fuse = karyogamy Forms a diploid nuclei which undergoes meiosis Sporangia grows producing spores Spores are released and germinate Mycelia grows
45
What is the phylum Ascomycota known as? Why?
Sac fungi - produces spores in saclike asci
46
What kind of spores are produced in the asci of the Ascomycota?
Sexual
47
Where are the asci collected in the phylum Ascomycota? Called?
Collected in macroscopic bodies called ascocarp
48
What are 2 examples of of an ascocarp of the phylum Ascomycota?
The edible parts of truffles and morels
49
What structure develops in the asexual reproduction of the phylum Ascomycota?
Produces a large number of asexual spores which disperse in wind
50
Explain the spores that are produced asexually by the phylum Ascomycota. What are they called?
Naked spores - called conidia
51
Where does the conidia (naked spores) that are produced asexually by the phylum Ascomycota develop? Called?
Develop in long chains or clusters at tips of specialized hyphae - called conidiophores
52
Describe the asexual reproduction of the phylum Ascomycota from start to end (4)
Mycelium develop specialized hyphae called conidiophores Conidiophores produce conidia (naked spores) Conidia are released They germinates and grow into mycelium
53
Describe the sexual reproduction of the phylum Ascomycota from start to end (9)
2 mycelia match up One has ascogonium other antheridium They undergo plasmogamy to produce an ascocarp Has heterokaryotic asci When the nuclei fuse in ascus = karyogamy Forms a diploid nuclei which undergoes meiosis The asci produces ascospores Spores are released and germinate Mycelia grows
54
What is the phylum Basidiomycota known as? Why?
Club fungi - shaped like a club
55
What are 4 examples of the phylum Basidiomycota?
Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs and rusts
56
What is the name of the phylum Basidiomycota derived from?
Basidium = long diploid stage
57
What role does the phylum Basidiomycota?
Saprobic = Decomposers
58
What are the 2 groups of the phylum Basidiomycota?
Rusts and smuts
59
Explain the sexual life cycle of the phylum Basidiomycota (8)
``` Haploid mycelia match up Undergo plasmogamy Produces heterokaryotic mycelium Forms Basidiocarp Undergoes karyogamy Produces diploid nuclei undergoes meiosis Basidium produces Basidiospores These disperse and germinate into mycelium ```
60
What are the 4 keys features for the 4 phylums?
Chytridiomycota - motile spores with flagella Zygomycota - zygosporangium in sexual reproduction Ascomycota - spores in asci sacs Basidiomycota - spores in Basidium

Biology 1204 (14 decks)

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