Chp 1 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What are the recommended practice problems in Klein for General Chemistry?
1.1, 1.3, 1.10, 1.12, 1.13, 1.15, 1.20, 1.22, 1.24, 1.27, 1.31, 1.32, 1.40, 1.43, 1.45, 1.50, 1.51, 1.53, 1.55, 1.65, 1.66
What is a Lewis structure?
A representation of molecules in which valence electrons are represented as dots.
What does the octet rule state?
In a molecule, every atom should be surrounded by 8 electrons (2 for H).
What is a formal charge?
A formal charge is used when an atom does not exhibit the appropriate number of valence electrons.
How do you calculate formal charge?
Formal charge = (# starting valence electrons) – [(# lone-pair electrons) + (½ of bonding electrons)]
What are the types of chemical bonds?
- Covalent
- Polar Covalent
- Ionic
What is induction in chemistry?
The withdrawal of electrons toward an electronegative atom.
What is a dipole moment?
The quantification of induction in polar covalent bonds.
Which intermolecular forces affect properties like boiling point and solubility?
- Hydrogen bonding
- Dipole–dipole interactions
- Dispersion forces
What is the Aufbau principle?
The lowest energy orbital is filled first.
What does Hund’s Rule state?
When dealing with degenerate orbitals, one electron is placed in each degenerate orbital first before electrons are paired.
What is the difference between HOMO and LUMO?
- HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital
- LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
What is hybridization?
The averaging of atomic orbitals to create new orbitals with equivalent energy.
What is the steric number?
The number of electron pairs – both bonding and non-bonding (lone pairs) – that are repelling each other.
Fill in the blank: A triple bond is made up of 1 sigma bond and _______ pi bonds.
2
What are the characteristics of sp hybridized orbitals?
- 50% s and 50% p character
- Linear geometry
- 180° bond angles
What does a formal charge indicate?
Whether an atom exhibits the appropriate number of valence electrons.
True or False: Polar molecules have no dipole moments.
False
What is the role of lone pairs in determining molecular geometry?
Lone pairs are considered in the steric number, affecting the bonding and geometry.
What are the bond angles in a tetrahedral geometry?
109.5°
In what type of bond does maximum head-on overlap occur?
Sigma (σ) bonds
What is the electronic configuration of nitrogen?
1s² 2s² 2p³
What are the characteristics of sp² hybridized orbitals?
- 33% s and 66% p character
- Trigonal planar geometry
- ~120° bond angles
What is the hybridization of carbon in ethyne (acetylene)?
sp
