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MCAT Bio > Chp 13 The Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chp 13 The Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

scrotum

A

contains male gonads (testes)

Functions:
-temperature regulation - sperm synthesis must occur at a few degrees below normal body temp

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2
Q

testes functions

A

spermatogenesis - synthesis of sperm

secretion of male sex hormones (androgens)

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3
Q

sites of spermatogensis

A

seminiferous tubules

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4
Q

sustentacular cells

A

known as sertoli cells

-protect and nurture developing sperm physically and chemically

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5
Q

interstitial cells

A

aka leydig cells

responsibly for androgen synthesis

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6
Q

seminal vesicles

A

located posterior surface of the bladder

secrete semen into the ejaculatory duct

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7
Q

glands that produce semen

A

(3)
seminal vesicles 60%
prostrate 35 % - mlidly alkaline
bulbourethral glands 5% - highly alkaline (neutralize leftover urine and lubricate urethra)

collectively referred to as the accessory glands

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8
Q

arousal

A

dependent on parasympathetic nervous input
subdivided into two stages:
- erection
-lubrication

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9
Q

erection

A

male: dilation of arteries supplying erectile tissue
female: clitoris and labia minora swell with blood

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10
Q

lubrication

A

function of parasympathetic system

male: viscous fluid released by bulbourethral gland
female: greater vistubular glands and vaginal epithelium secrete mucus

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11
Q

orgasm

A

requires stimulation by sympathetic nervous system
divided into two stages
- emission
-ejaculation

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12
Q

emission

A

male: propulsion of sperm (from ductus deferens) and semen (from accessory glands) into the urethra by smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

ejaculation

A

male: semen is propelled out of the urethra by rhythmic contractions of muscles surrounding the base of the penis
female: n/a

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14
Q

resolution

A

return to normal unstimulated state controlled by sympathetic nervous system

  • 2 -3 minutes for males
  • 20 - 30 minutes for females
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15
Q

hormones involved in spermatogensis

A
  • testosterone - stimulates division of spermatogonia
  • luteinizing hormone (LH) - stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates sustanacular cells
  • inhibin - secreted by sustanacular cells to inhibit FSH
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16
Q

testosterone

A

stimulates division of spermatogonia

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17
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

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18
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

stimulates sustanacular cells

stimulates spermatagonia to increase

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19
Q

inhibin

A

secreted by sustanacular cells to inhibit FSH

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20
Q

female chromosomes

A

XX

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21
Q

male chromosomes

A

XY

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22
Q

wolffian ducts

A

can develop into male internal genitalia

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23
Q

mullerian ducts

A

can develop into female internal genitalia
- occurs by default in absence of Y chromosome

regression of mullerian ducts caused by MIF mullerian inhibiting factor

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24
Q

mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

A

produced by the testes and causes regression of mullerian ducts > prevents formation of female internal genetalia

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25
Q

testes and ovaries are considered

A

homologous organs because they are derived from the same undeveloped structure

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26
Q

androgens

A

all hormones involved in the development and maintenance of male characteristics
-ex: primary androgen = testosterone

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27
Q

estrogens

A

all hormones involved in the development and maintenance of female characteristics
- ex: primary estrogen = estradiol

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28
Q

male secondary characteristcs

A

maturation of genitalia
male distribution of facial and body hair
deepening of voice
increased muscle mass

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29
Q

female secondary characteristics

A

maturation of genitalia
breast development
wider hips
pubic hair

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30
Q

sex steroid production is controlled by

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

31
Q

ovarian cycle phases

A
  1. follicular phase
  2. ovulatory phase
  3. luteal phase
32
Q

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

A

event: build the follicle
triggered by: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary
duration: 13 days

33
Q

ovulatory phase of ovarian cycle

A

event: secondary oocyte is released from ovary
triggered by: surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary
- occurs on day 14 of the cycle

34
Q

luteal phase

A

event: full formation of corpus leteum in the ovary
triggered by: LH surge
secretes: estrogen and progesterone (life span of 2 weeks)
- duration: 14 days

35
Q

uterine cycle

A 
preparation of endometrium for potential implantation of fertilized egg
subdivided into 3 stages:
- menstruation
- proliferative stage
- secretory stage
36
Q

menstruation of uterine cycle

A

triggered by degeneration of corpus luteum and subsequent drop in estrogen and progesterone > endometrial lining sloughs out of uterus > produces bleeding
-duration: 5 days

37
Q

proliferative phase of uterine cycle

A

estrogen produced by follicle induces proliferation of new endometrium
- duration: 9 days

38
Q

secretory phase of uterine cycle

A

estrogen and progesterone produced by corpus luteum increase development of endometrium (including secretion of glycogen, lipids, etc.)
if pregnancy doesn’t occur death of corpus luteum and decline of secretion of estrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation again
- duration: 14 days

39
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of spermatozoan with secondary oocyte

- normally occurs in uterine tube

40
Q

polyspermy

A

penetration of an ovum by more than one sperm

41
Q

stages of embryogensis

A
  1. cleavage - zygote undergoes many cell division to produce morula (ball of cells)
  2. blastulation- cell division continues until blastocyst is formed
  3. trophoblast (ring of cells in blastocyst) gives rise to chorion
  4. inner cell mass becomes embryo
42
Q

amnion

A

surrounds a fluid filled cavity which contains developing embryo

43
Q

yolk sac

A

mammals do not store yolk like repitles and birds

yolk sac is first site of red blood cell synthesis in the embryo

44
Q

allontois

A

develops from the embryonic gut and forms the blood vessels of the umbilical cord - transports blood between embryo and placenta

45
Q

gastrulation

A

3 primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) become distinct

46
Q

ectoderm fates

A
  • entire nervous system
  • pituitary gland, adrenal medulla
  • cornea and lens
  • epidermis of skin and reivitives
  • nasal, oral, anal epithelium
47
Q

mesoderm fates

A
  • all muscle, bone, and connective tissue
  • entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system
  • urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts)
  • dermis of skin
48
Q

endoderm fates

A
  • GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus)
  • GI glands (liver, pancreas, etc.)
  • respiratory epithelium
  • epithelial lining of urogenital organs and ducts
  • urinary bladder
49
Q

neuralation

A

formation of nervous system

50
Q

totipotent

A

can generate trophoblast and inner cell mass

51
Q

pluripotent

A

differentiate into any of the 3 primary germ layers

can generate all adult cell types

52
Q

multipotent

A

can produce many (but not all) cell types
more differentiated than pluripotent
often tissue specific

53
Q

dedifferentiation

A

some cells can go backwards and become less specialized

54
Q

first trimester

A

all major organ systems appear

55
Q

second trimester

A 
organ and organ systems of fetus continue to develop structurally and functionally
fetus grows (to about 0.6 kg) 
looks distinctly human
56
Q

third trimester

A

rapid fetal growth

most organ systems become fully functional

57
Q

parturition

A

technical term for birth

58
Q

epididymis

A

sperm storage
secretes nutrients for sperm
(where sperm gains swimming ability)

59
Q

vas deferens

A

long muscular duct (propel sperm forward through ejaculation)
enters body cavity
site of vasectomy

60
Q

gender development for male

A

XY > testes > 2 products

  1. produces testosterone - development of wolffian ducts
  2. forms mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) - regression of mullerian ducts
61
Q

cervix

A

opening to uterus
2 states:
1. nonfertile - closed with thick, acidic, sticky mucus that plugs it up
2. fertile - opens to allow sperm to pass through

62
Q

uterus

A

pregnancy develops here
2 structures
1. endometrium - inner lining, layer builds up and sheds off monthly, fertilized egg implanted here
2. myometrium - smooth muscle wall, cells here can still divide (allows for uterus to expand with pregnancy)

63
Q

uterine tubes

A

aka fallopian tubes - connects uterus to ovaries

  • fertilization here
  • tubule ligation (female version of vasectomy - more intense because inside body cavity vs vas deferens in male)
64
Q

ovary

A

female primary sex organ
2 jobs:
1. make eggs (ova)
2. make estrogen and progesterone

65
Q

oogenesis

A

3 stages
1. prenatal stage
oogenia >(mitosis)> oogonia >(activated)> primary oocytes (
STOPS until monthly periods begin)

  1. monthly
    primary oocyte >(meiosis 1)> secondary oocyte + first polar body
    ovulated and STOPS
  2. IF fertilized
    secondary oocyte >(meiosis 2)> ovum and secondary polar body
66
Q

cell determination

A

cell becomes committed to a particular fate

67
Q

cell differentiation

A

physical (visible) change into a new cell type

68
Q

pluripotent cells

A

can become any cell (except placenta)

69
Q

cell induction

A

cell is transplanted and then becomes more like its surrounding cells

70
Q

multipotent cell

A

can become some cells but not all

71
Q

totipotent cell

A

can become any cell (including placenta)

ex: zygote

72
Q

labor triggers (3)

A
  1. placenta deteriorates
  2. uterus is stretched
  3. cyclic:
    babys head stretches cervix> stimulates hypothalamus>posterior pituitary releases oxytocin> uterus contracts > repeat
73
Q

mom changes after birth

A 
deliver placenta
> reduces estrogen and progesterone 
(releases inhibition on prolactin)
> increases prolactin
> make milk

MCAT Bio (6 decks)

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