Respiratory system and the skin (Chp 12)

Question 1

ventilation

Answer 1

simple movement of air into and out of the lungs

Question 2

respiration

Answer 2

the actual exchange of gases (between either the lungs and the blood or the blood and other tissues of the body)

Question 3

conduction zone

Answer 3

parts of the respiratory system that ONLY participate in ventilation

Question 4

respiratory zone

Answer 4

parts of the of respiratory system that participate in gas exchange

Question 5

tasks of the respiratory system

Answer 5

1. PH regulation - (CO2 converted in carbonic acid)
   - when CO2 is exhaled by the lungs > amt of carbonic acid is decreases > pH increases
2. thermoregulation - breathing can result in significant heat loss through evaporative water loss
3. protection from disease and particulate matter

Question 6

hyperventilation causes ____

Answer 6

respiratory alkalosis - alkaniation of the blood

Question 7

hypoventilation causes ____

Answer 7

respiratory acidoses - acidification of the blood

Question 8

air pathway

Answer 8

nose > nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > terminal bronchioles > respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveoli

Question 9

larynx functions

Answer 9

1. made of cartilage > keeps airway open
2. contains epiglottis > seals trachea during swallowing and prevents food from entering
3. contains vocal cords - produce sound

Question 10

alveolus

plural - alveoli

Answer 10

structure across which gases diffuse (very thin - only one cell thick)

Question 11

mucociliary escalator

Answer 11

cilia on columnar epithelial cells constantly sweep mucus layer towards pharynx where mucus containing pathogens and inhaled particles can be coughed out or swallowed (and destroyed by stomach acid)

Question 12

surfactant

Answer 12

soapy substance that coats the alveoli > reduces surface tension (from tendency of water molecules to clump together)

Question 13

inspiration vs expiration

Answer 13

inspiraiton - drawing of air into lungs (active process - requires contraction of muscles)
expiration - movement of air out of lungs (passive process - no muscle contraction required)
-excpetion = forced expiration

Question 14

diaphragm

Answer 14

contraction of diaphragm causes expansion of chest during inspiration

Question 15

spirometry

Answer 15

measurement of the volume of air entering or exiting the lungs at various stages of ventilation

Question 16

Tidal volume

Answer 16

amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with normal light breathing
(about 10% of total volume of the lungs)

Question 17

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 17

volume of air that can be expired after a passive resting expiration

Question 18

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 18

volume of air that can be inspired after a relaxed inspiration

Question 19

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 19

volume of air left in the lungs after a resting expiration

Question 20

inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 20

maximal volume of air that remains in the lungs after the strongest possible expiration

Question 21

residual volume (RV)

Answer 21

amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after first taking the deepest possible breath

Question 22

total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 22

vital capacity plus the residual volume (TLC = RV +VC)

Question 23

vital capacity (VC)

Answer 23

maximum amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after first taking the deepest breath possible

Question 24

Henry’s Law

Answer 24

the amount of gas that will dissolve into liquid is dependent on the partial pressure of that gas as well as the solubility if that gas in the liquid
[02] = Po2 x So2

Question 25

respiratory membrane

Answer 25

gasses must cross: alveolar epithelium, then through interstitial liquid, and finally across capillary endothelium

Question 26

respiratory control center

Answer 26

located in the medulla of the brain stem

note: breathing can be voluntarily controlled for short periods of time but is generally involuntary

Question 27

epidermis

Answer 27

outermost layer of skin

composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells

Question 28

dermis

Answer 28

middle layer of skin
contains: blood cells (nourish dermis and epidermis), sensory receptors (convey info about touch, pressure, pain, temp to CNS), sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, and hair follicles

Question 29

subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

Answer 29

innermost layer of skin

protective insulating layer of fat

Question 30

homeotherms

Answer 30

body temp is relatively constant

humans are homeotherms

Question 31

strategies to cope with cold weather

Answer 31

1. contraction of skeletal muscles produce heat (involuntary = shivering, voluntary = jumping up and down)
2. skin insulates (subcutaneous layer = layer of insulating fat)
3. cutaneous vasoconstriction - constriction of blood vessels to reduce heat loss bu conduction
4. clothes, blankets, etc

Question 32

strategies to cope with heat

Answer 32

1. sweating - heat loss by evaporation

2. cutaneous vasodilation - dilation of blood vessels in the dermis > heat loss by conduction or convection