chp. 3 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Priming
the awakening or activating
of certain associations
System 1
The intuitive, automatic,
unconscious, and fast way of
thinking. Also known as
automatic processing.
System 2
The deliberate, controlled,
conscious, and slower way of
thinking. Also known as
controlled processing
Embodied Cognition
The mutual influence of bodily
sensations on cognitive
preferences and social
judgments.
Schemas
mental concepts or templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations. Whether we hear someone speaking of religious sects or sex
depends on how we automatically interpret the sound.
Overconfidence phenomenon
The tendency to be more
confident than correct—to
overestimate the accuracy of
one’s beliefs.
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for
information that confirms one’s
preconceptions
Representativeness Heuristic
The tendency to presume,
sometimes despite contrary
odds, that someone or
something belongs to a
particular group if resembling
(representing) a typical member
Availability Heuristic
A cognitive rule that judges the
likelihood of things in terms of
their availability in memory. If
instances of something come
readily to mind, we presume it
to be commonplace.
Counterfactual thinking
Imagining alternative scenarios
and outcomes that might have
happened, but didn’t.
Illusory correlation
Perception of a relationship
where none exists, or
perception of a stronger
relationship than actually exists.
Regression towards the average
The statistical tendency for
extreme scores or extreme
behavior to return toward their
average.
Belief perseverance
Persistence of one’s initial
conceptions, such as when the
basis for one’s belief is
discredited but an explanation
of why the belief might be true
survives.
Misinformation effect
Incorporating “misinformation”
into one’s memory of the event
after witnessing an event and
receiving misleading
information about it.
Misattribution
Mistakenly attributing a
behavior to the wrong source.
Attribution theory
The theory of how people
explain others’ behavior—for
example, by attributing it either
to internal dispositions
(enduring traits, motives, and
attitudes) or to external
situations.
Dispositional attribution
Attributing behavior to the
person’s disposition and traits
Situational attribution
Attributing behavior to the
environment.
Spontaneous trait interference
An effortless, automatic
inference of a trait after
exposure to someone’s
behavior.
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency for observers to
underestimate situational
influences and overestimate
dispositional influences upon
others’ behavior
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A belief that leads to its own
fulfillment
Behavioral confirmation
A type of self-fulfilling prophecy
whereby people’s social
expectations lead them to
behave in ways that cause
others to confirm their
expectations
