Chpt 1 - Terminology, Positioning, Imaging Principles Flashcards by jenna williams

Lowest level of the structural organization of the human body

Chemical level

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Four basic types of tissues in the body

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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10 Systems of the human body

Urinary Skeletal
Reproductive Endocrine
Circulatory Digestive
Nervous Integumentary
Muscular Respiratory

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Eliminates solid waste from the body

Digestive

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Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume

Urinary

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Maintains posture

Muscular

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Regulates body activities with electrical impulses

Nervous

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Regulates body activities through hormones

Endocrine

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Eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood

Respiratory

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Receives stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, pain

Integumentary

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Reproduces the organism

Reproductive

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Regulates body temperature

Circulatory

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Supports and protects many soft tissues of the body

Skeletal

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What system protects against disease

Circulatory

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What system synthesizes vitamin D and other bio chemicals

Integumentary

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Two divisions of the human body system

Axial
Appendicular

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What does the axial skeleton consist of

Skull, spine, ribs

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(T/F) The scapula is part of the axial skeleton

False

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(T/F) The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton

True

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Four classification of bones

Flat
Long
Irregular
Short

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Example of a flat bone

Bones of the calvaria (skull cap)
Sternum
Ribs
Scapulae

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Examples of a long bone

Humerus
Femur

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Example of a short bone

Carpal / tarsal bones

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Example of irregular bones

Vertebrae
Facial bones
Pelvis bones

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The outer covering of a long bone, which is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane is called?

Periosteum

Which aspect of the long bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Medullary aspect

Which aspect of the long bone is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition?

Periosteum

Primary growth center for long bones and what it becomes/where it is

Diaphysis Becomes the body

Secondary growth center for long bones and what it becomes/where it is

Epiphysis Near the ends

When is epiphyseal fusion of the long bone complete

By the age 20-25

What is the portion of a long bone in which bone growth in length occurs

Metaphysis

Three functional classifications of joint and their mobility

Synarthrosis - immovable Amphiarthrosis - limited Diarthrosis - freely

Three structural classifications of joints with example

Fibrous - skull suture, root of tooth Cartilaginous - symphis pubis, btn vertebrae Synovial - elbow

Joint structural classification First carpometacarpal (CMC) thumb

Synovial

Joint structural classification Roots around tooth

Fibrous

Joint structural classification Proximal radioulnar joint

Synovial

Joint structural classification Skull sutures

Fibrous

Joint structural classification Epiphyses

Cartilaginous

Joint structural classification Interphalangeal joints

Synovial

Joint structural classification Distal tiobiofibular joint

Fibrous

Joint structural classification Intervertebral disk space

Cartilaginous

Joint structural classification Symphis pubis

Cartilaginous

Joint structural classification Hip joint

Synovial

7 types of joint movement

Plane/gliding Ginglymus/hinge Pivot/trochoid Ellipsoid/condylar Saddle/sellar Ball & socket / spheroidal Bicondylar

Type of movement First CMC joint

Saddle / sellar

Type of movement Elbow

Ginglymus / hinge

Type of movement Shoulder

Ball & socket / spheroidal

Type of movement Intercarpal

Plane / gliding

Type of movement Wrist

Ellipsoidal / condylar

Type of movement Temporomandibular (TMJ)

Bicondylar

Type of movement First and Second cervical vertebra

Pivot / trochoid

Type of movement Second interphalangeal

Ginglymus / hinge

Type of movement Distal radioulnar

Pivot / trochoid

Type of movement Ankle

Saddle / sellar

Type of movement Knee

Bicondylar

Type of movement Third metacarpophalangeal

Ellipsoidal / condylar

The build, physique, and general shape of the body are defined as

Body habitus

What body-type classification makes up 50% of the population

Sthenic

Sthenic body type

Average

Hyposthenic body type

Slender

Hypersthenic body type

Broad

Asthenic body type

Super skinny

What body type classification makes up 35% of the population

Hyposthenic

Aspect of an x-ray beam that has the least divergence

Central ray

Vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts

Sagittal / midsagittal

Vertical plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts

Midcoronal / coronal

A plane taken at right angles along any point of the longitudinal axis of the body

Horizontal plane

(T/F) the base plane of the skull is a transverse plane located between the infra orbital margin of the orbits and the superior margin of the external auditory meatus (EAM)

True

What horizontal plane is formed by biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

Occlusal plane

The direction or path of the central ray defines what term

Projection

Term that describes the general and specific body position

Position

(T/F) oblique body and lateral positions are described according the side of the body closest to the IR

True

Decubitus positions always use what

Horizontal x-ray beam

Name of the position in which the body is turned 90 degrees from a true AP or PA projection

Lateral

A patient is erect with their back to the IR. The left side of the body is turned 45 degrees toward the IR. What position is this?

LPO

A patient is recumbent facing the IR. Their right side of the body is turned 15 degrees toward the IR. What is this position?

RAO

The patient is lying on their back. The x-ray beam is directed horizontally and enters the ride side and exits the left side. An IR is placed against the left side of the patient. Which position has been performed?

Dorsal decubitus

The patient is erect with the right side of the body against the IR. The x-ray beams enters the left side and exits the right. What position has been performed?

Right lateral

A patient on a cart is lying on their left side. The x-ray beam is directed horizontally and enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior. The IR is against the anterior surface. Which position has been performed?

Left lateral decubitus

Palm of the hand

Palmar

Lying on the back facing upward

Supine

An upright position

Erect

Lying in any position

Recumbent

Front half of the patient

Top or anterior surface of the foot

Dorsum pedis

Head is higher than feet

Fowler

Posterior aspect of the foot

Plantar

Head is lower than the feet

Trendelenburg

Back half of patient

Posterior

A projection using a CR angle of >=10 directed parallel along the long axis of the body

Axial

Position that demonstrates the apices of the lungs, without superimposition or the clavicles

Lordotic

The term varus describes

Toward the midline

Position or projection AP

Projection

Position or projection Prone

Position

Position or projection Mediolateral ankle

Projection

Position or projection Lordotic

Position

Moving or thrusting the jaw forward from the normal position

Protraction

What 2 types of information should be imprinted on every radio graphic image

Patient id / date Anatomical side marker

Three recommendations stated in the ASRT ACE communication campaign

Announce name Communicate credentials Explain what you’re going to do

Two rules or principles for determining routines as they relate to the maximum number of projections required in basic routine

Minimum of 2 projections 90 degrees diff. Joints = 3 projections

Physical localization of topographic landmarks on a patient

Palpitation

If SID is doubled the x-ray density is reduced by how much?

1/4

Levels of Human Structural Organization

atoms molecules cell tissue organ organ system organism

Tissues that cover internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and organs

Epithelial

Supportive tissues that bind together and support various structures

Connective

Tissues that make up the substance of a muscle

Muscular

Tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers

Nervous

Muscle that is striated and under voluntary control, help with body movement

Skeletal

Muscle that is located in the walls of hollow internal organs such as blood vessels/stomach/intestines, involuntary

Smooth

Muscle found only in the walls of the heart, striated, involuntary

Cardiac

Two body systems that help regulate temperature

Circulatory, integumentary

Maintains the acid-base balance of the body

Urinary system

Largest sesamoid bone

patella

Type of bone that consists of a body and two ends

Long bone

Bone type that is roughly cuboidal and is found only in the wrists and ankles

Short Bones

Bone type that consists of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow between them

Flat Bones

Bone type for facial bones, vertebrae, base of the cranium, and pelvis

Irregular Bones

What is ossification and when does it begin

The process by which bones form within the body - 6th embryonic week and continues until adulthood

When bone replaces cartilage

endochondral

When bone replaces membranes

intramembranous

Movement Type Intermetacarpal, CMC, Intercarpal joints

Plane (Gliding)

Syndesmoses Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

Fibrous joint amphyarthroidal distal tibiofibular, sacroiliac, carpal/tarsal

Sutures Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

Fibrous Joint Synarthroidal skull sutures

Gomphoses Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

Fibrous Joint very limited roots of teeth

Symphyses Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

Cartilaginous joint amphiarthroidal Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

Synchondroses Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

Cartilaginous Joint Synarthroidal epiphyseal plates

Synovial joints Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

cartilaginous joint diarthrodial ...

Recumbent position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down the back

Sims position

A recumbent supine position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports

lithotomy

CR enters the parietal bone and exits at the acanthion (junction of nose and upper lip)

parietocanthial projection or PA Waters

CR enters below the chin and exits at the vertex or top of the skull

Submentovertical (SMV) Projection

Sliding or Gliding

Plane / Gliding

Flexion and Extension

Ginglymus / Hinge

Rotational

Trochoid / Pivot

Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction

Ellipsoidal / Condyloid or Saddle / Stellar

Movement primarily in one direction with some limited rotation

Bicondylar

Chpt 1 - Terminology, Positioning, Imaging Principles Flashcards

(136 cards)