Chpt 2 - Chest Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What does the bony thorax consist of? (5)
A
Sternum
2 clavicles
2 scapulae
12 ribs
12 thoracic vertebrae
2
Q
Two bony landmarks of the thorax used for locating the CR on a PA and AP chest projection
A
Vertebrae prominen
Jugular notch
3
Q
The four divisions of the respiratory system
A
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
4
Q
Correct anatomical term:
Adams apple
A
Thyroid cartilage
5
Q
Correct anatomical term:
Voice box
A
Larynx
6
Q
Correct anatomical term:
Breastbone
A
Sternum
7
Q
Correct anatomical term:
Shoulder
A
Scapula
8
Q
Correct anatomical term:
Collarbone
A
Clavicle
9
Q
Structure that is a common pathway for both food and air
A
Pharynx
10
Q
Three divisions of the pharynx listed proximal to distal
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
11
Q
Structure over the larynx to prevent foreign objects from entering
A
Epiglottis
12
Q
Trachea is located (anteriorly or posteriorly) to the esophagus
A
Anteriorly
13
Q
What is seen in the anterior portion of the neck and is found just below the tongue or floor of the mouth
A
Hyoid bone
14
Q
What bronchus is larger and more vertical (left or right)
A
Right bronchus
15
Q
Name of the prominence or ridge seen when looking down into the bronchus where it divides into the right and left bronchi
A
Carina
16
Q
What level vertebra is the carina located?
A
T4-T5
17
Q
Term for the small air sacs located at the distal ends of the bronchioles, what does it do
A
Alveoli
- Exchanges the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
18
Q
The delicate, double-walled sac membrane that contains the lungs
A
Pleura
19
Q
Membrane that adheres to the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm
A
Parietal pleura
20
Q
Membrane that adheres to the surface of the lungs
A
Pulmonary/visceral pleura
21
Q
The potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura
A
Pleural cavity
22
Q
Air or gas that enters the pleural cavity
A
Pneumothorax
23
Q
Lungs:
Lower, concave portion
A
Base
24
Q
Lungs:
Central area in which bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs
A
Hilum
25
Lungs:
Upper, rounded portion above the level of the clavicles
Apex
26
Lungs:
Extreme, outermost lower corner of the lungs
Costophrenic angle
27
Why is the right lung smaller than the left, and why is the right hemidiaphragm positioned higher than the left?
The liver
28
Four important structures located in the mediastinum
Thymus
Trachea
Esophagus
Heart & great blood vessels
29
Double-walled membrane that encloses the heart
Pericardial sac
30
Three parts of the aorta
Ascending
Arch
Descending
31
Which body type is associated with a broad and deep thorax
Hypersthenic
32
Which body habits may cause the costophrenic angles to be cut off if careful vertical collimating is not used
Hyposthenic and asthenic
33
What kVp (according to Cindy and Lisa) should be used for chests
110-120
34
(T/F) Generally you don’t need to use radiographic grids for adult patients for PA or lateral chest radiographs
False
35
Optimal technical factors selection ensures proper penetration of what (4)?
Heart
Great vessels
Lung regions
Hilar regions
36
Describe the way optimum density (brightness) of the lungs and mediastinal structures can be determined on a PA chest radiograph
Should see faint outlines of the upper and middle vertebrae
Ribs through hearts, and other mediastinal structures
37
Term for the condition visceral inversion
Situs inversus
38
What device should be used for the erect PA and lateral chest projections for an infant
Pigg-O-Stat
39
Where should the CR be placed (lower or higher) for geriatric patients and why
Higher
They shave shallower (superior-inferior) lung fields
40
Four pathological conditions that suggest the need for inspiration and expiration PA chest projections
Small pneumothorax
Lack of normal diaphragm movement
Foreign body
Distinguishing between opacity in rib or lung
41
Three reasons why chest projections should be taken with the patient erect
Allows diaphragm to move down further
Air and fluid levels
Prevents engorgement & hyperemia of pulmonary vessels
42
Why do the lungs expand more when patient is erect?
Abdominal organs drop allowing diaphragm to contract more
43
Primary purpose of using a 72 inch SID
Decreases distortion
Decreases magnification
44
What anatomical structure is examined to determine rotation ona PA chest
Symmetric appearance and location of sternoclavicular joints
45
Left or right lateral position:
Patient with severe pains in left side of chest
Left
46
Left or right lateral position:
Patient with no chest pain but recent history of pneumonia in right lung
Right
47
Left or right lateral position:
Patient with no chest pain or history of heart trouble
Left
- Default
48
How far should the top of the IR be placed above the patients shoulders
5cm / 1.5-2 inches
49
The CR should be centered where for a PA chest in inches
Male - 8in or 20cm
Female - 7in or 18cm
50
IR orientation for a Hypersthenic patient
Landscape
51
IR orientation for a asthenic patient
Portrait
52
(T/F) With most digital chest units, the question of IR placement into either portrait or landscape position is eliminated because of the larger IR
True
53
(T/F) in general for an average patient, more collimation should be visible on the lower margin of the chest image than on the top for a PA or lateral
False
Should be equal
54
(T/F) the height or vertical dimension of the average-to-large persons chest is greater than the width, or horizontal dimension
False
The width is greater than the height
55
(T/F) multisclice CT (MSCT) can produce high resolution images of the heart on one breathe hold
True
56
(T/F) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is frequently used to diagnose myocardial infarction
True
57
(T/F) ultrasound is not an effective way to detect pleural effusion
False
58
(T/F) echocardiography and electrocardiography are the same
False
Echo - sound waves
Electro - electrical activity
59
One of the most common inherited diseases
Cystic fibrosis
60
Condition most frequently associated with congestive heart failure
Pulmonary edema
61
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
62
Accumulation of air in pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
63
Accumulation of pus in pleural cavity
Empyema
64
A form of occupational lung disease
Silicosis
65
A contagious disease caused by an airborne bacterium
Tuberculosis
66
Irreversible dilation of bronchioles
Bronchiectasis
67
Most common form is emphysema
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
68
Acute or chronic irritation of bronchi
Bronchitis
69
Collapse of all or portion of lung
Atelectasis
70
Inflammation of pleura
Pleurisy
71
What is a common radiograph sign seen in a chest radiograph for a patient with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
Air bronchogram sign
72
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Left lung atelectasis
+
73
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Lung neoplasm
0
74
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Severe pulmonary edema
+
75
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
RDS / ARDS adult respiratory syndrome / HMD hyaline membrane disease
+
76
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Reactivating (secondary) tuberculosis
+
77
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Advanced emphysema
-
78
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Large pneumothorax
0
79
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Pulmonary emboli
0
80
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Primary tuberculosis
0
81
Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:
Advanced asbestosis
0
82
What are some occupational lung diseases?
Anthracosis
Silicosis
Asbestosis
83
What chest projection / position is recommended for detecting calcifications or cavitation within the upper lung region beneath the clavicles
AP lordotic
84
Why is a PA chest preferred to an AP chest?
Heart is closer to the IR so less magnification
85
How to move the scapula out of the lung fields
Roll shoulders forward
86
Why is a left lateral the default side?
Better demonstrates the heart region
87
How much separation of the ribs on a lateral chest projection indicate excessive rotation from a true lateral?
Greater than 1 cm
88
How to prevent the clavicles from obscuring the apices on an AP chest
CR should be angled about 5 degrees caudad so that it’s perpendicular to the sternum
89
Pleural effusion
When fluid enters the pleural cavity
90
For air in lungs affected side should be (up or down)?
Up
91
What position would be used for a patient who is too weak to stand for an AP lordotic
AP semiaxial proj.
CR is 15-20 degrees cephalad
92
What anterior oblique would best elongate the left thorax
RAO
Magnifies the left side
93
What posterior oblique would best elongate the left thorax?
LPO
94
(T/F) for certain studies of the heart the LAO requires a rotation of 60 degrees
True
95
(T/F) a grid is not recommended for an LPO
False
96
Where is the CR placed for a lateral of the upper airway?
C6-C7
Between thyroid cartilage and jugular notch
97
Careful collimating during a chest radiograph will improve the image quality by decreasing what?
Scatter to the IR
98
Aspiration
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Foreign object enter the air passages of the bronchial tree
- Radiopaque outline of an object
- AP & Lat. Chest or Upper Airway
( Decrease for neck)
99
Atelectasis
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
All/part of the lung collapses from obstruction/puncture of an air passageway
- Radiodense lung regions with shift of heart and trachea
- PA/Lat. Chest, and PA insp/exp
(Increase)
100
Bronchiectasis
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Dilation or widening of bronchi from pulmonary infections/obstructions
- Radiodense lower lungs
- PA and Lat. Chest
(Generally none)
101
Bronchitis
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
When excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi leading to cough and SOB
- Hyperinflation and lung markings of lower lungs
- PA / Lat. Chest
(Generally none)
102
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD)
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema, irreversible airflow obstruction
- Depends on underlying disease
- PA / Lat. Chest
(Changes in severe cases only)
103
Cystic Fibrosis
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Secretions of heavy mucus that clog the bronchi
- Increases radiodensities, hyperinflation
- PA / Lat.
( + with severe conditions)
104
Dyspnea
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Difficult breathing
- Depends on cause
- PA / Lat.
(Depends on cause)
105
Emphysema
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Alveoli enlarged, alveolar wall destruction
- Barrel chest with depressed / flat diaphragm, elongated heart shadow, lungs appear radiolucent
- PA / Lat. chest
( - slightly)
106
Epiglottitis
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Edema or swelling of the epiglottis
(Life threatening, 2-5 y.o)
- dilation if the hypopharynx / laryngeal ventricle, narrowing of the trachea
- Lat. Upper Airway
( - soft tissue technique)
107
Lung Neoplasm
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Growth or tumor, benign or malignant
- small Radiodense masses with sharp outlines or large radiopaque masses for malignant
- PA / Lat. chest
Generally none
108
Pleural Effusion
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Fluid in the pleural cavity (empyema = pus, hemothorax = blood)
- lungs look grey/white
- PA / Lat., Lat Decubitus affected side down
(+)
109
Pleurisy
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Inflammation of the pleura and rubbing of the viscera and pleura
- not detectable unless in conjunction with pleura effusion
- PA / Lat. Chest
Generally none
110
Pneumonia
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Inflammation in the lung from fluid
- Radiodensity
- PA / Lat. chest
Generally none
111
Bronchopneumonia
What it is:
Caused by:
Bronchitis of both lungs
- Usually caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria
112
Lobar pneumonia
Confined to one or two lungs
- causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus.
113
View (interstitial) pneumonia
Seen as what?
Inflammation of the alveoli and connecting lung structures
Seen as increased radiodensities in the hilar area
114
Pneumothorax
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Accumulation of air in the pleural space causing partial or complete collapse of lung
- shades of grey
- PA / Lat., Lat. Decubitus with affected side up, PA insp/exp
Generally none
115
Pulmonary Edema
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Excess fluid in the lungs caused by backup in pulmonary circulation (CHF) or CAD
- increased diffuse radiodensities in hilar regions, air-fluid levels
- PA / Lat.
Increase in severe cases
116
Pulmonary Emboli
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Sudden blocking of an artery of the lung
- rarely demonstrates on X-rays but CT
- PA / Lat.
Generally none
117
RDS/HMD/ARDS
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Injury or infection of the alveoli and capillaries that lead fluid/blood into the spaces between alveoli
-increased density through lungs in granular pattern
- PA / Lat.
Generally none
118
Tuberculosis
What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:
Contagious / possibly fatal disease caused by bacteria
- small opaque spots
- PA / Lat.
Generally none
119
Anthracosis / Blacklung pneumoconiosis
Caused by deposits of coal dust
Small plaque spots
120
Asbestosis
Caused by inhalation of asbestos dust, results in pulmonary fibrosis
Irregular striped opacities
121
Silicosis
From inhaling silica dust
More likely to develop TB
122
What three sections make up the anatomy of the chest
Bony thorax
Respiratory system
Mediastinum
123
What provides a protective framework for the parts of the chest involved with breathing and circulation
Bony thorax
124
Term used to describe the lungs and the remaining thoracic organs contained in the mediastinum
Thoracic viscera
125
What vertebra is the vertebra prominen located at
C7
126
What is the primary muscle of inspiration
Diaphragm
127
What happens as the dome of the diaphragm moves downward?
Which causes what?
It increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
Decreases the infra-thoracic pressure which results in air being drawn into the lungs
128
Passageway for food and fluids as well as air, making it common to the digestive and respiratory systems
Pharynx
129
Where is the pharynx located from the nose and mouth?
The larynx and esophagus?
Posteriorly
Superior
130
The nasopharynx houses what?
The eustachian or auditory tube and the pharyngeal tonsils
131
What marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx
Uvula
132
What creates the anterior wall for the oropharynx?
What two tonsils does the oropharynx contain?
Tongue
Palatine and lingual tonsils
133
What is suspended from the hyoid bone?
What kind of structure is it?
The larynx
Cartilaginous
134
What level does the larynx start at and what level does it end at?
C3-C6
135
Where is the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage located?
C4-C5
136
Ring of cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx. It is attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea
Cricoid cartilage
137
(T/F) the epiglottis is part of the larynx
True
138
What level does the trachea extend from its junction with the larynx
C6
139
What glands are typically images with the respiratory system
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
140
Regulates body growth and development hormones especially in children, also increases calcium in bone to lower blood calcium levels
Thyroid gland
141
Gland that stores and secrets hormones that aid in specific blood functions including maintenance of blood calcium levels by bone break down to increase calcium in the blood
Parathyroid
142
How many bronchi does the right bronchus divide into? The left?
3 bronchi
2 bronchi
143
How many lines does the right lung divide into? The left?
3 lobes
2 lobes
144
What substance allows for the breathing mechanism responsible for expansion and contraction of the lungs
Parenchyma
145
The medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
Mediastinum
146
Known as the temporary organ, large role in the development of the immune system that helps the body resist disease. Essential to the growth and development of T cells
Thymus gland
147
Returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body
Superior vena cava
148
Large vein that returns blood from the lower half of the body
Inferior vena cava
149
Supply blood and return blood to and from all segments of the lungs
Pulmonary arteries and veins
150
The three dimensions that the thoracic cavity increases
Vertical diameter - the contraction and downward movement of the diaphragm
Transverse diameter -ribs swing outward and upward
Anteroposterior - raising of the ribs
