CHPTR 1/2 Minerals Flashcards
1
Q
Mineral characteristics (5)
A
- naturally occuring
- solid at room temp
- regular internal structure of atoms (crystalline)
- narrowly defined chemical composition
- usually inorganic
2
Q
polymorph + example
A
mineral with the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms
ex. graphite vs diamond
3
Q
habit + example
A
shape of intersection of equivalent crystal faces are identical on all samples of a particular mineral
quarts grows into that 6 sided shape
4
Q
amorphous material
A
rigid substance without ordered arrangement of atoms
5
Q
lustre
A
how “shiny” the mineral is
6
Q
vitreous
A
glassy
7
Q
dull/earthy + example
A
non-reflective - basalt
8
Q
greasy + example
A
resemble fat or grease -obsidian
9
Q
brilliant
A
light is reflected from within the gem
10
Q
metallic
A
reflective in the same way that polished gold or silver is
11
Q
colour
A
colour of minerals is often variable due to impurities. metallic luster have more consistent colour
12
Q
scratch test of silicates
A
white streak
13
Q
Scratch Test
magnetite
chalcopyrite
galena
goethite
malachite
azurite
hematite
sulphur
A
black
black
grey
yellow-brown
green
blue
red-brown
yellow
14
Q
Moh’s hardness diamond
A
10
15
Q
Moh’s hardness corundum
A
9
16
Q
Moh’s hardness Topaz
A
8
17
Q
Moh’s hardness Quartz
A
7
18
Q
Moh’s hardness potassium feldspar
A
6
19
Q
Moh’s hardness apatite
A
5
20
Q
Moh’s hardness Fluorite
A
4
21
Q
Moh’s hardness Calcite
A
3
22
Q
Moh’s hardness Gypsum
A
2
23
Q
Moh’s hardness Talc
A
1
24
Q
Basal cleavage + example
A
1 plane - muscovite
25
prismatic cleavage
2 planes at 90 degrees - orthoclase
26
non prismatic cleavage
2 planes not at 90 degrees - amphibole
27
cubic cleavage
3 planes at 90 degrees - halite
28
rhombohedral cleavage
3 planes not at 90 degrees - calcite
29
octahedral cleavage
4 planes - fluorite
30
types of fracture + examples
irregular - olivine
splintery - asbestos
conchoidal fractures - curved surface
31
specific gravity
density
32
what mineral tastes salty
halite
33
what mineral tastes bitter
Sylvite
34
what rocks react with HCl
Calcite
Dolostone but not as much - needs to be a powder
35
why doesn't dolostone fizz as much as calcite.
dolostone has nearly the same chemical formula as calcite. The difference is Mg in the dolostone
36
anisotropic
double refraction - calcite
37
sulphids anion
sulfer
38
sulphids examples
(the squares)
sphalerite
chalcopyrite
pyrite
galena
39
oxide anion
oxygen
40
oxide examples
(the cool features)
magnetite
haemetite
alumina/currundum
uranitite
41
halide anion
halogen
42
carbonate ion
(CO3)^2-
43
halide examples
(the salty ones)
Halite
Sylvite
Fluorite
44
carbonate examples
(the ones that react with acid)
calcite
aragonite
dolostone
45
how are aragonite and calcite similar. Which one is more stable
polymorphs
bifringent
calcite
46
sulphate anion
(SO4)^-2
47
silicate anion
(SiO4)^4-
48
what mineral class is olivine
single tetrahedra silicate
49
what mineral class is peryoxene
single chain silicate
50
what mineral class is hornblende
double chain silicate
51
what mineral class is biotite/muscovite
sheet silicate
52
all single tetrahedra, single chain, double chain and some sheet silicates are felsic or mafic
mafic
53
all 3D framework and some sheet silicates are felsic or mafic
felsic
54
what mineral class is potassium/plagioclose feldspar and quartz
three dimensional silicate
55
ratio of oxygen to silica in a single tetrahedra
4:1
56
ratio of oxygen to silica in a single chain silicate
3:1
57
ratio of oxygen to silica in a sheet silicate
2.5:1
58
ratio of oxygen to silica in a double chain silicate
2.5:1
59
ratio of oxygen to silica in a 3D framework
2:1
60
which is more dense, felsic or mafic silicate minerals
mafic is more dense
61
list minerals that are isolated tetrahedra silicates and what elements they also have (3)
forsterite - Mg between isolated tetrahedra
fayalite - Fe between isolated tetrahedra
olivine - Fe and Mg
62
another name for amphibole
hornblende
63
another name for pyroxene
augite
64
sheet silicate examples (2.6)
mica group - mica, muscovite, biotite
clay group - kaolinite, serpentine, montmorillonite
65
clay group silicates definition
sheet silica minerals with water trapped between sheets
66
formula of quarts and why it's relevant
SiO2 - most silicates have the anion SiO4^4-, but the are continuously bonded in quartz
67
another name for potassium felspar
orthoclase
68
another name for plagioclase feldspar when it is has Ca
anorthite
69
another name for plagioclase feldspar when it has Na
albite
70
feldspars make up ______% of Earth's crust
60
71
difference between plagiofeldspar and postassium feldspar (2)
plagioclase feldspar has striations, potassium does not
potassium feldspar is salmon pink, plagioclase is grey-blue
72
anorthosite
the rock from the moon. intrusive rock that contains >90% plagioclase feldspar
73
layers of the Earth as defined by chemical compostion
crust - felsic minerals
mantle - mafic minerals
outer core - liquid iron
inner core - solid iron
74
mafic
contains mostly Fe and Mg
75
felsic
contains mostly Na, Ca, Al (silicates) (not Fe or Mg)
76
types of crust
oceanic (thin and dense)
continental (thick and light)
77
Layers of Earth as defined by mechanical distinction/physical strength
Lithosphere - rigid outer layer
Athenosphere - semi-liquid (weaker) layer underneath
78
who is credited with proving plate tectonics
Alfred Wegener
79
divergent plate boundary and what they produce
plates move apart
continent -> rift valley
ocean -> mid-ocean ridges
80
convergent plate boundary and what they produce
plates move together
oceanic/continental -> subduction zone
continental/continental -> mountains + large plateaus
81
subduction zone
denser plate (oceanic) is pushed down underneath, bringing water into the mantle. This lowers the melting point of the rocks and creates volcanoes
82
transform plate boundaries and what they produce
plates move past each other
big earthquakes
83
transform fauls
offset mid ocean ridges on seafloor
84
what mineral is present the most in the Earth's mantle and at what percentage
Olivine makes up 60% of the Earths mantle
85
what types of bonding occurs in a sheet silicate
covalent bonding within the sheets. Ionic bonding between
86
how is serpentine formed
metamorphism of basalt
87
how is dolomite formed
derived from shells/precipitates from seawater
88
what type of mineral are most rock forming minerals
silicates
