Chromosome and Cell Division

Question 1

it is the life cycle of a cell which compromises of series of stages which has various control and regulating mechanisms that ensures all cell generations are complete and functioning properly.

Answer 1

Cell Cycle

Question 2

It is the stage that ensures that the cell must undergo specific cellular preparations that is needed during cell division. It also includes specific regulation mechanisms that control cell growth and development.

Answer 2

Interphase (Preparation Stage)

Question 3

increased protein (ribosome) production to be used for DNA replication. There are no observable changes in cell appearance but increased metabolic activities with minimal death in cells.

Answer 3

Interphase’s Initial Growth (G1) Stage

Question 4

considered as a diploid cell

Answer 4

spermatogonia

Question 5

T or F

tetrad refers to a pair of sister chromatids with both long and short arm structure.

Answer 5

true

Question 6

T or F

Euchromatin is the deactivated form of DNA.

Answer 6

False

Heterochromatin

Question 7

T or F

Dyad refers to the combined tetrads that forms eight (8) armed structure.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

refers to the female meiosis.

Answer 8

Oogenesis

Question 9

refers to the point of exchange of DNA in chromosomes.

Answer 9

chiasma or chiasmata

Question 10

regulates the individual cell growth and apoptosis of cells during cell development.

Answer 10

Cyclin E

Question 11

T or F

Heterochromatin is the activated form of DNA.

Answer 11

False

Euchromatin

Question 12

T or F

it is the secondary oocyte that undergoes Meiosis II.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Decreasing Chromosome Number

Answer 13

Meiosis I

Question 14

Decreasing Genetic Content

Answer 14

Meiosis II

Question 15

Somatic Cells

Answer 15

Mitosis

Question 16

Gametes

Answer 16

Meiosis

Question 17

Which stage in Prophase I in Meiosis is associated in the formation of bivalents?

Answer 17

Pachytene

Question 18

Which stage in Prophase I in Meiosis has pairing of similar size and function chromosomes?

Answer 18

Zygotene

Question 19

T or F

spermatogonia is a haploid cell.

Answer 19

False

diploid

Question 20

T or F

Chromatid refers to a continuous thin strand of DNA.

Answer 20

False

leading strand

Question 21

it refers to the male meiosis.

Answer 21

spermatogenesis

Question 22

fluorescent cell cycle stain. The dye passes through a permeabilized membrane and intercalates into cellular DNA.

Answer 22

Propidium Iodide (PI)

Question 23

The intensity of its signal is directly proportional to DNA content.

Answer 23

Propidium Iodide (PI)

Question 24

T or F

There should be minimal apoptosis of cells that should result in decreased DNA content in a sample.

Answer 24

False

There should be minimal apoptosis of cells that should result in INCREASED DNA content in a sample.

Question 25

The cell activity during G1 is regulated by _____ and _____ will determine if the cell will undergo towards the S phase.

Answer 25

Cyclin E and G1 Restriction Point (R)

Question 26

the errors in G1 phase, if not corrected by Cyclin E, results in cells that are highly active with no signs of dying or

Answer 26

benign tumor synthesis (tumor that does not spread)

Question 27

if Restriction Point R fails to correct the error, this results in

Answer 27

malignant tumor synthesis (spreads in the body).

Question 28

It is the stage that ensures that the cell has access and will be able to generate multiple copies of the DNA. These DNA duplicates are necessary for the development of multiple number of offspring cells during cell division.

Answer 28

S Stage (DNA Replication Stage)

Question 29

It is the stage that liberates the DNA from its tightly packed histones that protects its integrity from possible modification and destruction from various environmental factors such as viruses and etc.

Answer 29

S Stage (Removal of Supercoiling)

Question 30

condensed, methylated genes (silenced) Gene Poor (high AT content) and stains darker

Answer 30

Heterochromatin

Question 31

dispersed, non-methylated (active) Gene Rich (high GC content) and stains lighter

Answer 31

Euchromatin

Question 32

attachment of spindle fibers

Answer 32

kinetochore

Question 33

protects the coding portion of chromosome and counts cell division (Hayflick's Limit)

Answer 33

telomere

Question 34

one is an exact copy of the other and each contains one DNA molecule

Answer 34

two-identical chromatids

Question 35

short arm structure

Answer 35

p arm

Question 36

constricted point of the chromosome

Answer 36

centromere

Question 37

long arm structure

Answer 37

q arm

Question 38

condensed structures of chromatins that forms the arm of chromosome

Answer 38

chromatin fibers

Question 39

initiation of development of centrioles (for production of spindle fibers in cell division) and rapid synthesis of ribosomes (protein synthesis visible through the nucleolus) in preparation for cell division.

Answer 39

Interphase's Final Growth (G2) Stage

Question 40

the errors in G2 phase are regulated by the _______ (tumor suppressing protein), and if there is an alteration on the function of it, this results in the unregulated cell division – cancer.

Answer 40

p53 protein

Question 41

unregulated cell division

Answer 41

cancer

Question 42

T or F In zygotes, p53 is activated in default because it will prevent the rapid cell division in the development but in cases of combination of incompatible species such as (lion and tiger), (horse and zebra) and (human and apes) - the p53 protein is deactivated because of extensive DNA differences (considered as errors). Thus, such no zygote will be able to proceed in cell division.

Answer 42

False In zygotes, p53 is DEACTIVATED in default because it will prevent the rapid cell division in the development but in cases of combination of incompatible species such as (lion and tiger), (horse and zebra) and (human and apes) - the p53 protein is ACTIVATED because of extensive DNA differences (considered as errors). Thus, such no zygote will be able to proceed in cell division.

Question 43

T or F if p53 will be deactivated, more hybrid species will arise?

Answer 43

False No. Because there will be no DNA error checking. Thus, cells are more likely to die than to survive.

Question 44

It is the cell division that always result in equal number of DNA and only requires only one (1) set of DNA.

Answer 44

Mitosis (Somatic Cells)

Question 45

Mitosis is composed of the following stages:

Answer 45

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 46

chromosome formation

Answer 46

Prophase

Question 47

always paired chromosome

Answer 47

Metaphase

Question 48

distributes equal chromosome

Answer 48

Anaphase

Question 49

proper separation of materials

Answer 49

Telophase

Question 50

Mitosis stages which have: Tetrad (2c) chromosome

Answer 50

Prophase Metaphase

Question 51

Mitosis stages which has: Dyad (4c) chromosome

Answer 51

Anaphase

Question 52

It is the cell division that always result in half number of chromosomes and only requires two (2) sets of DNA.

Answer 52

Meiosis (Germ Cells)

Question 53

Meiosis is composed of the following stages:

Answer 53

Meiosis I (PMAT 1) Meiosis II (PMAT 2)

Question 54

reductional stages

Answer 54

Meiosis I (PMAT 1)

Question 55

equational stage

Answer 55

Meiosis II (PMAT 2)

Question 56

The challenge for _______ is to ensure that – from a diploid cell, the chromosomes should be divided into each of the four (4) unique offspring with half of the amount of DNA.

Answer 56

meiosis

Question 57

Meiosis I's Prophase stage: condensation of chromosome (chromatin to chromosome).

Answer 57

Stage 1 (Leptotene)

Question 58

Meiosis I's Prophase stage: pairing of homologous chromosome (chromosome pairing).

Answer 58

Stage 2 (Zygotene)

Question 59

Meiosis I's Prophase stage: fusing together of chromosomes (bivalent forming).

Answer 59

Stage 3 (Pachytene)

Question 60

Meiosis I's Prophase stage: chiasma formation (exchange of chromosome portions).

Answer 60

Stage 4 (diplotene)

Question 61

Meiosis I's Prophase stage: dissolution of nuclear membrane (release of chromosomes).

Answer 61

Stage 5 (Diakinesis)