Chronic Adaptations

Question 1

What are chronic adaptations?

Answer 1

long-time physiological changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training

Question 2

what are structural changes

Answer 2

The physical makeup of the adaptation

Question 3

what are functional changes?

Answer 3

how the adaptations operate

Question 4

what are the systems that can get aerobic adaptations?

Answer 4

respiratory, cardiovascular, and muscular

Question 5

What is the aim of aerobic adaptations?

Answer 5

to improve LIP and VO2 max

Question 6

what do we want from respiratory aerobic adaptations?

Answer 6

For greater oxygen to be able to be taken in and delivered to where it needs to go

Question 7

what do we need from respiratory aerobic adaptations?

Answer 7

for the system to work efficiently to allow for an increase in oxygen that we are able to intake

Question 8

what are the 2 types of aerobic respiratory adaptations?

Answer 8

increased lung volume and Increased Alveolar-capillary surface area

Question 9

what does increased lung volume do

Answer 9

An increased amount of air to the lungs at the end of a max inspiration. Therefore, an athlete can take in more air and have higher volumes of O2 delivered to working muscles.

Question 10

what is the structural change of increased lung volume?

Answer 10

increased lung volume

Question 11

what are the functional changes of increased lung volume?

Answer 11

increased tidal volume (submax and max), decreased respiratory rate (submax and max), decreased ventilation (rest and submax), increased maximal ventilation, and increased ventilatory efficiency

Question 12

what does increased alveolar-capillary surface area do?

Answer 12

An increase in the surface area between the alveoli air sacs and blood vessels increases the number of sites available for pulmonary diffusion to occur.

Question 13

what are the structural changes of increased alveolar-capillary surface area?

Answer 13

increased alveolar-capillary surface area

Question 14

what is the functional change of increased alveolar-capillary surface area?

Answer 14

increase pulmonary diffusion

Question 15

Note: For aerobic respiratory adaptations

Answer 15

The chronic adaptation of an increased lung volume leads to an increase alveolar-capillary interface

Question 16

what do we want from cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?

Answer 16

to transport oxygen from the bloodstream to the working muscles

Question 17

what do we need from cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?

Answer 17

for the system to work efficiently to allow for increased oxygen transport around the body to the working muscles

Question 18

what are the 3 types of cardiovascular aerobic adaptations?

Answer 18

left ventricle size, blood vessels, and blood

Question 19

what will increased left ventricle size do?

Answer 19

Increased capacity to hold blood in this chamber = heart functioning effectively during physical activity

Question 20

what are the functional changes for increased left ventricle size?

Answer 20

increased stroke volume, decreased heart rate (rest and submax), decreased steady-state heart rate, decreased recovery heart rates, and increased cardiac output at maximal intensity

Question 21

what is the structural change for increased left ventricle size?

Answer 21

increased left ventricle size

Question 22

what do more blood vessels do?

Answer 22

Increased density of capillaries surrounding the working muscles = increased ability to supply blood, O2, and nutrients to the working muscles

Question 23

what is the structural change of more blood vessels?

Answer 23

increased capillarisation of skeletal muscles

Question 24

what is the functional change of more blood vessels?

Answer 24

increased blood flow to working muscles

Question 25

what does more blood do?

Answer 25

Increased volume therefore increased ability to carry nutrients and remove waste

Question 26

what are the structural changes of more blood?

Answer 26

increased blood plasma, increased red blood cell count, increased haemoglobin, and increased high-density lipoproteins

Question 27

what does haemoglobin do

Answer 27

increases the ability to carry oxygen through the blood

Question 28

what are the functional changes for more blood?

Answer 28

increased blood volume, decreased low-density lipoproteins, and decreased blood pressure

Question 29

what do we want from aerobic adaptations in the muscular system?

Answer 29

able to adapt to enhance oxygen uptake and consumption through metabolic processes associated with aerobic energy production (utilization)

Question 30

what do we need from aerobic adaptations in the muscular system?

Answer 30

For the system to work efficiently to allow for increased oxygen consumption and aerobic energy production

Question 31

what are the 2 types of muscular aerobic adaptations?

Answer 31

Oxygen extraction/uptake levels, and oxygen utilization

Question 32

what do oxygen extraction/uptake levels do

Answer 32

Increased athlete’s ability to attract O2 into muscle cells.

Question 33

what are the structural changes of oxygen extraction and uptake?

Answer 33

Increased capillarisation (capillaries (sites) for oxygen to get diffused to the muscle), and Increased myoglobin (attracts oxygen into the muscle)

Question 34

what is the functional change of oxygen extraction and uptake?

Answer 34

increased a-VO2 difference

Question 35

what does oxygen utilisation do?

Answer 35

Increased ability to generate aerobic ATP energy.

Question 36

what are the structural changes of oxygen utilisation?

Answer 36

Increased size, number, and surface area of mitochondria (greater capacity to produce aerobic energy) and, Increased oxidative enzymes (increased aerobic power (rate of production))

Question 37

what are the functional changes of oxygen utilisation?

Answer 37

increased aerobic respiration (mitochondria), increased fat oxidisation (rest and submax), increased glycogen sparing (submax, can use it later on), and increased glycogen oxidisation (maximal)

Question 38

what is the aim of anaerobic adaptations?

Answer 38

to increase speed, force of contraction, and tolerance of lactate (H+)

Question 39

what do we want from cardiovascular anaerobic adaptations?

Answer 39

increased strength and efficiency of the heart

Question 40

what do we need from cardiovascular anaerobic adaptations?

Answer 40

To increase left ventricle wall thickness for increased ejection of blood from left ventricle

Question 41

what is the anaerobic adaptation for the cardiovascular system?

Answer 41

hypertrophy of heart

Question 42

what does increased hypertrophy of the heart do to it?

Answer 42

Increased muscle size (heart) and thickness of the left ventricle wall

Question 43

what is the structural change from hypertrophy of the heart?

Answer 43

increased thickness of the left ventricle wall

Question 44

what are the functional changes from hypertrophy of the heart?

Answer 44

more forceful contractions of the heart, and more forceful ejection of blood from the heart

Question 45

what do we want from anaerobic adaptations of the muscular system?

Answer 45

To develop anaerobic fitness components and hypertrophy to improve performance in anaerobic events

Question 46

what do we need from anaerobic adaptations of the muscular system?

Answer 46

Increase anaerobic capacity, muscular strength, speed, and power

Question 47

what are some physiological effects of muscular anaerobic adaptations?

Answer 47

increased ATP and PC stores, increased glycogen stores, increased glycolytic enzymes, increased ATPase (enzyme), and increased tolerance to metabolic by-products (gone past LIP)

Question 48

what is the significance of increased ATP and PC stores?

Answer 48

increased capacity of the ATP-PC system

Question 49

what is the significance of increased glycogen stores?

Answer 49

Increased utilization of glycogen as a fuel source (improves speed and force production)

Question 50

what is the significance of increased glycolytic enzymes?

Answer 50

Increased rate of ATP release from glycogen (improves speed and force production)

Question 51

what is the significance of increased ATPase?

Answer 51

Increased turnover of ATP (resynthesis)

Question 52

what is the significance of increased tolerance to metabolic by-products?

Answer 52

Increased ability to continue working at high intensities

Question 53

what are the 2 adaptations as a result of resistance training

Answer 53

hypertrophy, and neural adaptations

Question 54

what are the structural changes of hypertrophy?

Answer 54

Increased number and size of myofibrils (part of muscle fibre (makes them get bigger when more)), increased contractile proteins, and increased size and strength of connective tissues

Question 55

what are the functional changes of hypertrophy?

Answer 55

increased force of contraction, increased speed of contraction, and increased structure and function of tendons and ligaments

Question 56

what is the significance of an increased rate of motor unit activation?

Answer 56

Increased rate of force development (speed of contraction)

Question 56

what are the physiological effects of neural adaptations?

Answer 56

increased motor unit recruitment, Increased rate of motor unit activation, Increased recruitment of fast twitch fibres, and increased motor unit coordination

Question 57

what is the significance of increased motor unit recruitment?

Answer 57

Increased force of contraction

Question 58

what is the significance of increased recruitment of fast twitch fibres?

Answer 58

Increased rate of force development, increased time for which maximum force can be maintained

Question 59

what is the significance of increased motor unit coordination?

Answer 59

Increased force, increased efficiency, and effectiveness for force application