Chronic Diseases

Question 1

What is the leading cause of death in Australia?

Answer 1

Ischaemic heart disease; angina, blocked arteries - CVD

Question 2

DASH diet

Answer 2

Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension
Low sodium, high potassium, high calcium, high magnesium
Low total, saturated and dairy fat
Low cholesterol
High fruit, veg & nut intake
Limited red meat & sugar
2 alcoholic drinks per day
High fiber
Exercise

Question 3

Pre diabetes

Answer 3

High blood glucose levels, yet glucose unable to enter cells to fuel brain and body.
Glucose stored as triglycerides - weight gain.
Glucose detected in urine

Question 4

Metabolic Syndrome X - known as and associated with

Answer 4

Known as Insulin Resistance, associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Question 5

Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome

Answer 5

ELEVATED weight (obesity), glucose levels, insulin levels, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood levels of uric acid (arthritis)

Question 6

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 6

Diabetes melittus (10% of all diabetes) is the inability to produce insulin. Disorder of the beta cells of the pancreas, often detected at childhood. Weight gain uncommon, rapid onset, insulin injections required daily, not dietary related.

Question 7

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 7

Type 2 is non melittus (90%) and is dietary elated. A gradual onset, the body either has insufficient insulin needs (high sugar intake - simple carbs) or the cells are resistant to insulin. Obesity is common, medication is sometimes used, insulin is moderate - high (type 1 insulin is low).

Question 8

Gestational diabetes - what are you at higher risk of getting following pregnancy?

Answer 8

Gestational diabetes is short term and usually goes after childbirth, however can return in future pregnancies - and greater risk to develop type 2 diabetes.

Question 9

What is apoptosis?

Answer 9

Apotosis is cell death

Question 10

What is the most common cancer in terms of new cases reported each year?

Answer 10

prostate is top, then bowel, breast, skin, lung.

Leading killer is respiratory (lung) then bowel.

Question 11

What is cancer?

Answer 11

Cancer is the growth of malignant tissue - including unregulated cell growth. In cancer cells divide and then grow uncontrollably.

Question 12

What is metastasis?

Answer 12

Metastasis is the spreading of cancer. Metastasis can occur to local tissues (invasion) or via lymph or blood to distant parts

Question 13

How does cancer occur?

Answer 13

Following damage to a cells DNA, rather than DNA repair and apoptosis, there is a defective cell cycle resulting in propagation of cell mutations.
CANCER DEVELOPMENT
- normal cells
- mutagens alter DNA of cell and induce abnormal cell dividim
- promoters enhance development of abnormal cells, formation of tumour
- Cancerous tumour release cells into blood stream or lymphatic system (metastasis)

Question 14

What promotes unregulated growth?

Answer 14

• Some compound become carcinogenic once metabolised- biotransformation enzymes.
• Inflammation promotes cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis.
• Once cancer in place saturated and trans fats to be avoided
• tobacco, smoked foods & alcoholic can promote cancer
• carcinogens - incl some pesticides and additives
• avoid acrylamide (when starch foods cooked at high temps)
• avoid nitrate and nitrite (preservatives)
• limit barbecuing - heterocyclic amines (HCA) 200 degrees+

Question 15

What are symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease?

Answer 15

Extensive cognitive loss, gradual loss of memory, ability to reason and communicate.
Loss of physical capabilities and eventually death

Question 16

Nutritionally what modifies risks for AD?

Answer 16

Fruit, fish, vegetables, coffee, light-to-moderate alcohol. Japanese style diet (Okinawa - vege 80% & varied, soy & grains).
Supplements of antioxidants, B vitamins, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids.
DHA - improves cell communication in nervous system
EPA - can be a marker for future cognitive impairment
EPA/DHA form part of lipid bilayer

Question 17

Identify the types of foods you find in an atherogenic diet
Choose one answer.
a. Red wine, olives and low-fat feta cheese
b. Butter, beef and vegemite
c. Low-fat dairy milk, salmon and rice
d. Soy milk, brown rice and tofu

Answer 17

Butter, beef and vegemite are the types of food you would find in an atherogenic diet. A diet high in saturated fat and sodium is associated with an increased risk of CVD

Question 18

The metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X can be diagnosed when a group of pathology tests are present. Which group below is a positive result for metabolic syndrome?
Choose one answer.
a. Hypertension, high blood cholesterol, normal fasting blood glucose
b. Elevated blood levels of uric acid
c. Elevated blood cholesterol & triglycerides, central obesity, mildly elevated fasting blood glucose levels and raised blood pressure
d. High waist to hip ratio, normal blood sugar levels, normal blood pressure and high uric acid

Answer 18

Elevated blood cholesterol & triglycerides, central obesity, mildly elevated fasting blood glucose levels and raised blood pressure – this patient could be diagnosed as having metabolic syndrome

Question 19

The proportion of people with diabetes in the Indigenous population compared to non-Indigenous Australians is?

Answer 19

3:1

Indigenous Australians are at significantly higher risk of diabetes than non-indigenous Australians