Chronic Inflammation

Question 1

What is chronic inflammation?

Answer 1

Worsening of inflammation
Healing and repair alongside destruction

Question 2

True or False
Acute inflammation involves similar cells as chronic inflammation.

Answer 2

False
Acute inflammation is mainly neutrophils but chronic cells includes a range from lymphocytes to basophils

Question 3

True or False
Chronic inflammation can be a primary pathology

Answer 3

True
It can be the first thing that happens
I.e cab happen without acute inflammation

Question 4

How does chronic inflammation come about?

Answer 4

From acute inflammation
As a primary lesion

Question 5

How can acute inflammation ekad to chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

Accumulation of debris which can’t be removed by acute the body will try chronic to move it
Large amounts of tissue damage will trigger acute inflammation

Question 6

How do hypoxic cells try and survive?

Answer 6

Endothelial cells grow towards low oxygen areas as hypoxic cella swctrete VEGF for angiongensis
Enzymes are also secreted to break down fibrin tissue in pyogenic membranes so blood vessels van grow through

Question 7

Angiogenesis helps thrombosis.
True or false

Answer 7

True
Angiogensis limits thrombus propagation
Preventing embolism

Question 8

Why does granulation tissue form?

Answer 8

There is inflammation after a cut happens
Granulation tissue lays down collagen which replaces inflammation exudate as a permanent substitute

Question 9

Does granulation tissue contract?

Answer 9

Yes
To make the wound narrow

Question 10

What is pyogenic granulation tissue?

Answer 10

Acute and chronic inflammation
Granulation and pus

Question 11

How can primary chronic inflammation come about?

Answer 11

Autoimmune response

Question 12

How does the autoimmune system cause primary chronic inflammation?

Answer 12

Auto antibodies targeting auto antigens
Try to destroy tissues, organs and cells
Body informatics as a protective mechanism

Question 13

Where is scarring bad in the body and why?

Answer 13

Gut
Peristalsis is disturbed
The bowel might knot or be obstructed

Question 14

How does auto immune illness of a certain organ change due to chronic inflammation ?

Answer 14

It develops a strip of fibrous tissue which has no functional value
Due to fibrosis

Question 15

What causes primary chronic infection ?

Answer 15

Materials resistant to bacteria
Exogenous and endogenous substance
Granulomatous inflammation

Question 16

What does material resistant to digestion mean? (As a cause of chronic inflammation)

Answer 16

Pathogens which are not digestible as their cells walls are resistant to enzymes in our stomach

Question 17

Joint replacements cause chronic inflammation.
True or False

Answer 17

True they do
As the joint wears away the dust settle sin the body and causes an inflammatory response

Question 18

Why is scarring in the lung dangerous?

Answer 18

They develop firbotic tissue which can’t expand as a response to breathing

Question 19

What immune cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

Answer 19

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Macrophages
Fibroblasts

Question 20

What are the tissue components of chronic inflammation?

Answer 20

Collagen
Granulation tissue

Question 21

What do t cells produce ?

Answer 21

Cytokines
Interferon
Granule proteins (enzymes)
H202

Question 22

NK are les specific than t Cells.
True or False

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What are epitheloid cells?

Answer 23

Activated Macrophages

Question 24

What is granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 24

Presence of granulomas

Question 25

When do granulomas typically form?

Answer 25

Stimulated by indigestible antigens

Question 26

What are granulomas?

Answer 26

Small benign areas of chronic inflammation with lots of wbcs

Question 27

Granulomas are epitheliod?

Answer 27

Yups They look like epithelial cells as they have a lot of cytoplasm Very pale cells

Question 28

What are macrophages in granulomas called?

Answer 28

Epitheliod histioytes

Question 29

How do giant cells look?

Answer 29

Large cytoplasm with multiple nuclei Like macrophages have combined

Question 30

What is an example of endogenous chronic inflammation?

Answer 30

Ingrown hair can create an abscess

Question 31

What happens if a breast implant leaks?

Answer 31

Silicone is taken up by lymphatics and ends up in lymph nodes It is phagocytosed but can’t be digested It permeates tissue very easily hence inflammation

Question 32

Stages of wound healing?

Answer 32

Injury Acute inflammation Clotting Cytokines and growth factors released for angiogenesis Granulation tissue forms Phagocytosis of fibrin Myofibroblasts lay down collagen (holds skin together) Scarring Contraction of scarring Re epithelialisatipn

Question 33

What happens in larger injuries?

Answer 33

The clot forms Granulation tissue grows into clot Contracts to bring skin together

Question 34

Why is ther discolouration around healed wounds?

Answer 34

Iron and pigment left from the damage

Question 35

How do fractures heal?

Answer 35

Bone is mineralised so macrophages have osteoclasts to remove bits of old bone and granulation tissue has osteoblasts and fibroblasts

Question 36

What is haematoma and when does it occur?

Answer 36

Fractures Blood leaks out vessels due to trauma

Question 37

Describe fracture callus.

Answer 37

Osteoblasts lay woven weak bone Cartilage is deposited Bone remodelling allows woven bone to be replaced by lamellar bone Cortical and trabecular bone are reformed