Genetics

Question 1

What are the symptoms of sickle cell?

Answer 1

Cold
dehydration
infections
Jaundice
stroke
leg ulcers
eyes, kidneys

Question 2

What does a circle on a pedigree mean?

Answer 2

Female

Question 3

What does a square on a pedigree mean?

Answer 3

Male

Question 4

What is the centromere?

Answer 4

Holds

Question 5

What are telomeres?

Answer 5

Both ends of the chromatids
Which must be protected from unnecessary repair and degradation

Question 6

Where are heterochromatin typically found?

Answer 6

Centromeres and telomeres

Question 7

What is heterochromatin?

Answer 7

Loped around histones and are inactive

Question 8

What is a phenotype?

Answer 8

Outward, physical manifestation of organism

Question 9

What is a genotype?

Answer 9

Full hereditary information of organism (even if not
expressed)

Question 10

A folded protein has only 1 type of secondary structure.
True or False

Answer 10

False a protein can have both alpha helix and beta pleated alongside beta turns

Question 11

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 11

Each nucleotide contains
– Sugar
– Base
– Phosphate group

Question 12

What is the major groove?

Answer 12

Where proteins are fit onto like restriction enzymes or transcription factors binds to

Question 13

What is a minor groove?

Answer 13

Too small for proteins to bind to.

Question 14

Describe structure of dna.

Answer 14

Double helix
Major and minor group
Equidistant
3 prime to 5 prime

Question 15

How many H bonds does GC have?

Answer 15

3

Question 16

What is a phosphodiester link?

Question 17

How big is the nucleus?

Answer 17

5 to 10 um

Question 18

What does the nucleolus do?

Answer 18

Site of transcription
Assembly of rRNA

Question 19

What is the p arm?

Answer 19

Short arm of chromosomes

Question 20

What does a chromosome has?

Answer 20

A p and q arm with a centromere and 2 sister chromatids

Question 21

How is dna organised?

Answer 21

• Nucleotides make base pairs
  -DNA wraps around histones to form nucleusomes
• DNA coils
  -DNA coils more and loops
• DNA super coils

Question 22

Why is DNA highly packaged?

Answer 22

So it fits in the nucleus and can be regulated orderly

Question 23

How many hydrogen bonds does an A T bond have?

Answer 23

2

Question 24

What are the types of chromatin?

Answer 24

Euchromatin
Heterochromatin

Question 25

What is heterochromatin?

Answer 25

Condensed form of DNA

Question 26

Transcription factors is the only form of gene regulation. True or false

Answer 26

False Nucleosomes can be modified

Question 27

How can we make chromatic more accessible?

Answer 27

Histones can be enzymatically modified – Histones can be displaced by chromatin remodeling complexes

Question 28

What does semi conservative mean?

Answer 28

one-half of each new molecule of DNA is old; one-half new.

Question 29

What direction is DNA replicated in?

Answer 29

5’ to 3’ Movement of DNA polymerase

Question 30

All of our genes code for proteins. True or false

Answer 30

False Only 2 percent Lots of junk DNA the rest code for regulation of genes

Question 31

What are exons?

Answer 31

Coding region

Question 32

What are introns?

Answer 32

Non coding region

Question 33

What is translation region?

Question 34

mRNA has only exons

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is a codon

Answer 35

Set of 3 bases which produce an amino acid

Question 36

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 36

20

Question 37

Single gene mutations cause big effects.

Answer 37

Single point mutation cause dysfunctional proteins

Question 38

Why does sickle cell happen?

Answer 38

One hydrophilic amino acid is substituted for a hydrophobic one This makes haemoglobin mor sticky and clumped together.

Question 39

What is RNA splicing?

Answer 39

Removal of introns in rna

Question 40

What is alternative splicing

Answer 40

When the introns are removed The exons are rearranged which produces different proteins

Question 41

What are reading frames?

Answer 41

A base is inserted or deleted causing all the genetic information afterwards to be scrambled as dna is read in 3s

Question 42

How are extracellular enzymes controlled?

Answer 42

Typically through post translational modifications to prevent the enzymes from digesting the cell

Question 43

What is the anticodon?

Answer 43

The base of 3 On the tRNA