chronic inflammation

Question 1

what are the main cells when there is chronic inflammation

Answer 1

lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages

Question 2

what are clinical presentations of chronic inflammation

Answer 2

malaise and weight loss

loss of function

Question 3

how does chronic inflammation occur

Answer 3

arising from acute inflammation, arising as a primary lesion

Question 4

regarding organisation whats an outcome of acute inflammation

Answer 4

healing and repair, the leading to fibrosis and formation of a scar

Question 5

what is granulation tissue mechanism and its function

Answer 5

capillaries grow into inflammatory mass
access of plasma proteins 
macrophages from blood and tissue
fibroblasts lay down collagen to repair damaged tissue
collagen replaces inflammatory exudate

patches tissue defects
replaces dead or necrotic tissue
contracts and pulls together

Question 6

what is products of granulation tissue

Answer 6

fibrous tissue
fibrosis as a problem
progression to chronic inflammation

Question 7

how does Cholecystitis occur

Answer 7

It occurs when a stone blocks the cystic duct, which carries bile from the gallbladder

Question 8

what are Peptic ulcers?

Answer 8

open sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine

Question 9

what is Osteomyelitis

Answer 9

infection of a bone

Question 10

what are exogenous substances

Answer 10

sutures, metal and plastic eg joint replacements, mineral crystals, glass,

Question 11

endogenous substances

Answer 11

necrotic tissue, keratin, hair

cannot easily be phagocytosed

Question 12

what is Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Answer 12

underactive thyroid

Question 13

what Rheumatoid disease

Answer 13

occurs when your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body’s tissues
swelling of joints

Question 14

what are the main type of lymphocytes

Answer 14

t and b cells

Question 15

what are the main function of lymphocytes

Answer 15

immune respoonse and memory

Question 16

what are plasma cells

Answer 16

differentiated b cells

Question 17

whats the function of plasma cells

Answer 17

antibody production

Question 18

functions of B cells

Answer 18

differentiate into plasma cells
faciliatate immune response
act with macrophages
immune memory

Question 19

functions of T cells

Answer 19

production of cytokines
production of interferons
damage and kill other cells and destroy antigen

Question 20

what are the functions of cytokines

Answer 20

attract and hold macrophages
activate macrophages
permeableility

Question 21

what is the function of interferons

Answer 21

antiviral effects

attract and stimulate other cells

Question 22

whats the function of NK cells

Answer 22

destroys antigens and cells

Question 23

whats the function of macrophages

Answer 23

removes debris
produce interferons
motile phagocyte move from blood
take over from neutrophils

Question 24

what are macrophages role in immune system

Answer 24

antigen presenting cell

Question 25

what does fibroblasts make

Answer 25

collagens

Question 26

what is granulomatous inflammation

Answer 26

presence of granulomas (granulomata) in tissues and organs

Question 27

what is granulomatous inflammation stimulated by?

Answer 27

indigestible antigen

Question 28

what are granulomas

Answer 28

aggregates of epitheloid macrophages in tissue contains giant cell surrounds dead material contains neutrophils, eosinopjils

Question 29

how many nuclei and what size of cytoplasm does giant cells have

Answer 29

large cytoplasm and many nuclei

Question 30

where is langhans type found

Answer 30

TB

Question 31

what is characteristic about warthog- finkeldy type

Answer 31

central cluster of nuclei

Question 32

what is caseous necrosis

Answer 32

dead tissue surrounded by macrphages, giant cells and lymphocytes

Question 33

what are examples of non- infective granulomas

Answer 33

rheumatoid disease sarcoidosis Crohn’s disease

Question 34

whats a rheumatoid nodule

Answer 34

local swelling or tissue lump

Question 35

what is Sarcoidosis

Answer 35

are condition that causes small patches of red and swollen tissue, called granulomas, to develop in the organs of the body.

Question 36

what causes crowns disease

Answer 36

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition

Question 37

how much granulation tissue is found in surgical wound healing

Answer 37

small amounts

Question 38

how much granulation tissue in healing larger defects

Answer 38

lots

Question 39

whats the sequence of events

Answer 39

injury, blood clot, acute inflammation, fibrin many growth factors and cytokines involved granulation tissue growth - angiogenesis phagocytosis of fibrin myofibroblasts move in and lay down collagen contraction of scar re-epithelialisation

Question 40

what is a callus

Answer 40

the bony healing tissue which forms around the ends of broken bone.

Question 41

what happens in callus formation

Answer 41

osteoblasts lay down woven bone nodules of cartilage present followed by bone remodelling

Question 42

what is Angiogenesis

Answer 42

formation of new blood vessels

Question 43

whats thrombosis

Answer 43

formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel