Chronic Inflammation and Carcinogenesis Flashcards
(50 cards)
A 4 step guide for a microbe to cause an infection would be:
- colonise the host
- evade host defenses
- proliferate
- cause damage
Name the 6 mechanisms of damage
- exotoxins
- degradative enzymes
- acute inflammatory damage
- post-infection autoimmune damage
- chronic inflammatory damage
- carcinogenesis
Describe what Peptic Ulcer Disease is and the symptoms one can expect from it
Peptic ulcer disease is a condition in which there is a break in the lining of the stomach or small intestine
Symptoms include:
- upper abdominal pain
- belching
- vomiting
- weight loss
- bleeding
For a long time, peptic ulcer disease was treated for with ________.
antacids
H. pylori has been estimated to have infected __% of the world’s population
50%
Days-weeks after infection wit H. pylori can result in:
Superficial active gastritis
Months-years after infection wit H. pylori (if left untreated) can result in:
Chronic active gastritis
Decades (earlier) after infection wit H. pylori can result in: (3)
Antral gastritis, pangastritis, chronic active gastritis
Decades (later) after infection wit H. pylori can result in: (3)
Duodenal gastric metaplasia, atrophy intestinal metaplasia, chronic active gastritis
Final stage effects of infection with H. pylori include: (3)
duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer/ulcer, MALT lymphoma
Describe the motility of H. pylori and how it is achieved, as well as why this is significant.
A flagellum allows H. pylori to swim rapidly to the mucous layer of the stomach following ingestion in order to survive
Describe the shape of H. pylori and why this is significant.
H. pylori is helical in shape, which combnined with ‘screw-like’ movement, allows it to penetrate the stomach’s mucous layer.
How does H. pylori counterract stomach acid?
H. pylori uses urease to produce a ‘cloud’ of ammonia in order to neutralise acid.
What does H. pylori do when it reaches the mucous layer of the stomach?
It crosses the mucous layer of the stomach by causing it to de-gel by raising the pH
What does H. pylori do once it crosses the mucous layer of the stomach?
It attaches to the gastric epithelium via Lewis b carbohydrate receptor with BabA adhesin
___ is poorly recognised by TLR4, resulting in low levels of ____ production.
LPS is poorly recognised by TLR4, resulting in low levels of cytokine production.
Flagellum subunits are poorly recognised by ____, resulting in low levels of ____ production.
Flagellum subunits are poorly recognised by TLR5, resulting in low levels of cytokine production.
Vacuolating toxin A (VacA) inhibits: (3)
- phagosomal maturation
- T/B cell proliferation
- iNOS generation
H. pylori is coated with ______ and ______ in order to mimic the host
H. pylori is coated with plasminogen and cholesterol in order to mimic the host
Chronic infection + inflammation results in a loss of _____ of cells in the inflamed area
function
What is an ulcer, and what are the 3 types of ulcers?
An ulcer is a lesion found on the mucous membrane.
- Peptic ulcer - in lining of stomach or duodenum, where hydrochloric acid and pepsin are present
- Gastric ulcer - in stomach
- Duodenal ulcer - in duodenum
List the order of the sections of the stomach, starting from the end of the esophagus to the beginning of the small intestine (9)
- esophagus
- cardia
- cardial notch
- fundus
- body
- pyloric antrum
- pyloric canal
- pylorus
- duodenum
Describe the process of stomach acid production (4)
- See food/think of food
- G (gamma) cells produce gastrin
- ECL cells produce histamine
- Parietal cells produce acid
What is the purpose of somatostatin cells?
Acts to inhibit the function of G cells to halt production of more acid via negative inhibition
