Obesity

Question 1

What is obesity?

Answer 1

A chronic disease that arises when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, resulting in an abnormally high proportion of fat in the body.

Question 2

Obesity is a _____ disease.

Answer 2

Multifactorial

Question 3

Obesity affects all ___ and ______ groups worldwide.

Answer 3

Obesity affects all age and socio-economic groups worldwide.

Question 4

List 4 techniques for determining body fat and what they are

Answer 4

1. Anthropometric measurements (measurement of the human individual) - height, weight, circumferences and diameters, skinfold thickness
2. Isotope or chemical dilution - body water, body potassium
3. Body density and body volume
4. Imaging techniques - ultrasound, computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Question 5

The formula for BMI is:

Answer 5

BMI = weight (kg) / height² (m²)

Question 6

Healthy weight BMI is:

Answer 6

18.5-24.9

Question 7

Overweight BMI is:

Answer 7

25.29.9

Question 8

Obese BMI is:

Answer 8

over 30

Question 9

BMI ___ with age

Answer 9

increases

Question 10

Apple shaped lower body indicates ____________

Answer 10

excess abdominal fat

Question 11

____ fat when out of proportion to total body fat is an assessment of obesity.

Answer 11

Abdominal fat when out of proportion to total body fat is an assessment of obesity.

Question 12

Individuals have a greater risk of developing obesity if their waist circumference exceeds ____ cm for women and ____ cm for men

Answer 12

88cm for women and 102cm for men

Question 13

BMI + __ ________ is a better assessment of risk of obesity than BMI alone

Answer 13

BMI + waist circumference s a better assessment of risk of obesity than BMI alone

Question 14

Carrying extra weight around the _____ increases health risks more than carrying extra weight around the ___ and _____.

Answer 14

Carrying extra weight around the middle increases health risks more than carrying extra weight around the hips and thighs.

Question 15

The equation for the Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) is:

Answer 15

WHR = waist circumference / hip circumference

Question 16

Individuals are at risk of obesity if their WHR exceeds ____ for women and ____ for men.

Answer 16

0.8 for women, 0.9 for men

Question 17

Obesity is not a single disorder. It is a heterogenous group of conditions with multiple causes - list all 5 types of causes and give an example for each

Answer 17

1. Genetic component - over 200 genes have been associated with human obesity
2. Environmental factors - lifestyle
3. Psychological factors - boredom, sadness, anger
4. Fetal programming - smojing, undernutrition, stress
5. Other factors - illnesses such as hypothyroidism, depression, drugs such as steroids, antidepressents

Question 18

What are 8 consequences of obesity?

Answer 18

1. Type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance - ~80% of obese people are diabetic
2. Cardiovascular - heart disease, hypertension, stroke
3. Cancer - breast, endometrial, prostate
4. Sleep apnoea - fat in chest wall reduces lung volume
5. Gallbladder disease and gallstones
6. Osteoarthritis - possibly due to excess weight on hips and knees
7. Reproductive problems
8. Emotional problems

Question 19

In New Zealand, ___% of Maori men and ___% of Maori women over 40 years are obese

Answer 19

In New Zealand, 55% of Maori men and 42% of Maori women over 40 years are obese

Question 20

In 2014, more than ___ billion adults were overweight. Of these, ___ million were obese.

Answer 20

In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight. Of these, 600 million were obese.

Question 21

Numerous _____ and _____ have been identified that regulate appetite and body weight through central and peripheral mechanisms

Answer 21

Numerous hormones and neuropeptides have been identified that regulate appetite and body weight through central and peripheral mechanisms

Question 22

A key element of energy homeostasis is the hormone, _____.

Answer 22

leptin

Question 23

Name what leptin is produced from and what its function is

Answer 23

Leptin is produced from adipose tissue and communicates with the hypothalamus to regulate food intake and metabolism

Question 24

What is the Lipostatic Theory (1953)?

Answer 24

The Lipostatic Theory (1953) suggested a circulating factor acts on the brain to inhibit food intake and adiposity.

Question 25

Congenital leptin deficiency is:

Answer 25

A condition that causes severe obesity beginning in the first few months of life - affected individuals are constantly hungry and quickly gain weight. Affected individuals have undetectable plasma leptin and hyperphagia (increased food intake).

Question 26

Gut peptides are ___ term appetite regulators.

Answer 26

short term

Question 27

List three gut peptides and their function

Answer 27

Ghrelin - hunger hormone Cholecystokinin (CKK) - satiety signal PYY3-36 - satiety signal

Question 28

Long term regulation of body weight and adiposity is controlled by ____ from ____ and ____ from the ____

Answer 28

Long term regulation of body weight and adiposity is controlled by leptin from adipose tissue and insulin from the pancreas

Question 29

Hypothalamic leptin and insulin signals regulate peripheral functions largely through regulation of ____ and ____ neurons

Answer 29

Hypothalamic leptin and insulin signals regulate peripheral functions largely through regulation of POMC and AgRP neurons

Question 30

Absence of the POMC gene results in ______

Answer 30

obesity

Question 31

POMC knockout resulted in the symptoms of (2)

Answer 31

obesity and impaired pigmentation

Question 32

_____ in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite

Answer 32

MC4R in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite

Question 33

MC4R in the _______ regulates appetite

Answer 33

MC4R in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite

Question 34

Mutations in ______ is the most common monogenetic cause of human obesity

Answer 34

MC4R

Question 35

Obesity treatment depends on: (3)

Answer 35

1. level of obesity 2. overall health condition 3. motivation to lose weight

Question 36

Obesity treatment may include one of more of: (5)

Answer 36

1. diet 2. exercise 3. behaviour modification 4. surgery 5. weight loss drugs

Question 37

A sugerical treatment for obesity can be:

Answer 37

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery