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Medsci 203 > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is obesity?

A

A chronic disease that arises when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, resulting in an abnormally high proportion of fat in the body.

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2
Q

Obesity is a _____ disease.

A

Multifactorial

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3
Q

Obesity affects all ___ and ______ groups worldwide.

A

Obesity affects all age and socio-economic groups worldwide.

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4
Q

List 4 techniques for determining body fat and what they are

A
  1. Anthropometric measurements (measurement of the human individual) - height, weight, circumferences and diameters, skinfold thickness
  2. Isotope or chemical dilution - body water, body potassium
  3. Body density and body volume
  4. Imaging techniques - ultrasound, computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
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5
Q

The formula for BMI is:

A

BMI = weight (kg) / height² (m²)

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6
Q

Healthy weight BMI is:

A

18.5-24.9

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7
Q

Overweight BMI is:

A

25.29.9

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8
Q

Obese BMI is:

A

over 30

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9
Q

BMI ___ with age

A

increases

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10
Q

Apple shaped lower body indicates ____________

A

excess abdominal fat

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11
Q

____ fat when out of proportion to total body fat is an assessment of obesity.

A

Abdominal fat when out of proportion to total body fat is an assessment of obesity.

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12
Q

Individuals have a greater risk of developing obesity if their waist circumference exceeds ____ cm for women and ____ cm for men

A

88cm for women and 102cm for men

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13
Q

BMI + __ ________ is a better assessment of risk of obesity than BMI alone

A

BMI + waist circumference s a better assessment of risk of obesity than BMI alone

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14
Q

Carrying extra weight around the _____ increases health risks more than carrying extra weight around the ___ and _____.

A

Carrying extra weight around the middle increases health risks more than carrying extra weight around the hips and thighs.

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15
Q

The equation for the Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) is:

A

WHR = waist circumference / hip circumference

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16
Q

Individuals are at risk of obesity if their WHR exceeds ____ for women and ____ for men.

A

0.8 for women, 0.9 for men

17
Q

Obesity is not a single disorder. It is a heterogenous group of conditions with multiple causes - list all 5 types of causes and give an example for each

A
  1. Genetic component - over 200 genes have been associated with human obesity
  2. Environmental factors - lifestyle
  3. Psychological factors - boredom, sadness, anger
  4. Fetal programming - smojing, undernutrition, stress
  5. Other factors - illnesses such as hypothyroidism, depression, drugs such as steroids, antidepressents
18
Q

What are 8 consequences of obesity?

A
  1. Type 2 diabetes due to insulin resistance - ~80% of obese people are diabetic
  2. Cardiovascular - heart disease, hypertension, stroke
  3. Cancer - breast, endometrial, prostate
  4. Sleep apnoea - fat in chest wall reduces lung volume
  5. Gallbladder disease and gallstones
  6. Osteoarthritis - possibly due to excess weight on hips and knees
  7. Reproductive problems
  8. Emotional problems
19
Q

In New Zealand, ___% of Maori men and ___% of Maori women over 40 years are obese

A

In New Zealand, 55% of Maori men and 42% of Maori women over 40 years are obese

20
Q

In 2014, more than ___ billion adults were overweight. Of these, ___ million were obese.

A

In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight. Of these, 600 million were obese.

21
Q

Numerous _____ and _____ have been identified that regulate appetite and body weight through central and peripheral mechanisms

A

Numerous hormones and neuropeptides have been identified that regulate appetite and body weight through central and peripheral mechanisms

22
Q

A key element of energy homeostasis is the hormone, _____.

A

leptin

23
Q

Name what leptin is produced from and what its function is

A

Leptin is produced from adipose tissue and communicates with the hypothalamus to regulate food intake and metabolism

24
Q

What is the Lipostatic Theory (1953)?

A

The Lipostatic Theory (1953) suggested a circulating factor acts on the brain to inhibit food intake and adiposity.

25
Q

Congenital leptin deficiency is:

A

A condition that causes severe obesity beginning in the first few months of life - affected individuals are constantly hungry and quickly gain weight. Affected individuals have undetectable plasma leptin and hyperphagia (increased food intake).

26
Q

Gut peptides are ___ term appetite regulators.

A

short term

27
Q

List three gut peptides and their function

A

Ghrelin - hunger hormone

Cholecystokinin (CKK) - satiety signal

PYY3-36 - satiety signal

28
Q

Long term regulation of body weight and adiposity is controlled by ____ from ____ and ____ from the ____

A

Long term regulation of body weight and adiposity is controlled by leptin from adipose tissue and insulin from the pancreas

29
Q

Hypothalamic leptin and insulin signals regulate peripheral functions largely through regulation of ____ and ____ neurons

A

Hypothalamic leptin and insulin signals regulate peripheral functions largely through regulation of POMC and AgRP neurons

30
Q

Absence of the POMC gene results in ______

A

obesity

31
Q

POMC knockout resulted in the symptoms of (2)

A

obesity and impaired pigmentation

32
Q

_____ in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite

A

MC4R in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite

33
Q

MC4R in the _______ regulates appetite

A

MC4R in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) regulates appetite

34
Q

Mutations in ______ is the most common monogenetic cause of human obesity

A

MC4R

35
Q

Obesity treatment depends on: (3)

A
  1. level of obesity
  2. overall health condition
  3. motivation to lose weight
36
Q

Obesity treatment may include one of more of: (5)

A
  1. diet
  2. exercise
  3. behaviour modification
  4. surgery
  5. weight loss drugs
37
Q

A sugerical treatment for obesity can be:

A

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery

Medsci 203 (10 decks)

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