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Neuropharmacology > Cigarettes and Alcohol --> autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Cigarettes and Alcohol --> autonomic nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Gather internal/external information
Integrate information for assessment and meaning
Effect a motor response –> behaviour/chemical/neurochemical secretion
Regulate body homeostasis

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2
Q

autonomic NS broken into

A

parasympathetic
sympathetic
(enteric)

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3
Q

peripheral NS broken into

A

somatic

autonomic

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4
Q

autonomic NS

A

no control over it
often control over response unless it is a reflex
e.g. thirsty –> drink glass of water

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5
Q

how many cranial nerves do we have

A

12 pairs

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6
Q

somatic NS

A

motor divisions

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7
Q

autonomic bodily changes when body is frightened

A

sweaty palms
muscles tense
dry mouth
heart rate increases

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8
Q

most actions of autonomic NS are

A

involuntary

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9
Q

parasympathetic and sympathetic NS work to..

A

oppose eachother

one stimulates, one inhibits

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10
Q

stress

fight or flight

A

sympathetic tone

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11
Q

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic tone

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12
Q

main function of parasympathetic tone

A

maintain normal function

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13
Q

3 types of neuron structure

A

mulitpolar
bipolar
unipolar

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14
Q

peripheral NS made up of which type

A

unipolar neuron

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15
Q

structure of unipolar neuron

A

long dendrite
cell bodies together
wrapped into ganglia

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16
Q

how do neurons communicate

A

conduction of action potentials and the release of neurotransmitters

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17
Q

2nd class of cell that supports neuronal communication

A

glial cells

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18
Q

glial cells in PNS

A

schwann cells

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19
Q

glial cells in CNS

A

oligodendrocites

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20
Q

role of schwann cell on axon

A

provides insulation
prevents short circuits
increases speed of nerve impulses

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21
Q

length of ganglions in sympathetic division

A

short pre-ganglionic

long post-ganglionic

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22
Q

long pre-ganglion

short post-ganglion

A

parasympathetic

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23
Q

examples of effector organs

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle e.g. blood vessels
glands e.g. adrenal gland

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24
Q

type of NS innervated along the spine

A

sympathetic

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25
how many branches of parasympathetic NS
2 cranial sacral (tip of spinal cor)
26
physiological effects of PsNS
``` stimulates flow of saliva slows heartbeat constricts bronchioles in lungs stimulates peristalsis and secretions in stomach stimulates release of bile in liver contracts bladder ```
27
physiological effects of SNS
``` dilates pupil of eye inhibits flow of saliva accelerates heartbeat dilates bronchi --> more O2 stomach --> suppresses peristalsis/secretion liver --> conversion of glycogen to glucose for energy adrenal gland secretions inhibits bladder constriction ```
28
sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibre releases
acetylcholine to the autonomic ganglion
29
effect of acetylcholine release
excitatory
30
sympathic post-ganglionic fibre releases
norepinephrine | noradrenaline
31
neurotransmitters released in parasympathetic
acetylcholine released by both neurons
32
which type of nervous have a chain of a collection of nerve fibres
sympathetic chain | thoracic-lumbar region
33
dual innervation
most organs innervated by a combination of para and sympathetic nervous systems of the ANS neuromodulation
34
where is ACh synthesised
partly in nerve terminal | partly in diet
35
which part of Ach is synthesised in nerve terminal
Acetyl coenzyme A | mitochondria
36
which part of Ach is injested
choline
37
what regulates degradation or removal of Ach
acetylcholinesterase
38
biosynthesis of norepinephrine
tyrosine --> L-DOPA --> dopamine --> norepinephrine
39
role of tyrosine dehydroxylase
converts tyrosine to L-dopa
40
where is tyrosine from
diet | protein
41
role of dopa decarboxylase
converts L-Dopa to dopamine
42
role of dopamine hydroxylase
converts dopamine to norepinephrine
43
what is required to take up epinephrine
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
44
acetylcholine receptors
nicotinic | muscarinic
45
norepinephrine receptors
adrenergic
46
classes of adrenergic receptors
``` a1 a2 B1 B2 B3 ```
47
muscarinic
GPCR
48
nicotinic
ligand gated ion channel | conducts sodium through pore
49
muscarinic coupled to G proteins which influence....
potassium channels phospholipase C adenyl cyclase
50
locations of muscarinic receptors
located post-synaptically e.g. smooth/cardiac muscle glands effector organs
51
location of nicotinic receptors
ganglia of parasymp and symp
52
all pre-ganglionic autonomic neurons are ...
excitatory
53
single/low-freq pre-ganglionic firing
release of Ach nicotinic receptors activated fast EPSP stimulated
54
high freq stimulation
greater release of Ach also release of LHRH complex postganglionic response
55
why is the post ganglionic response complex after high frequency stimulation of pre-ganglionic firing
fast EPSP slow IPSP mediation via GIRK channels delays conduction of EPSP due to LHRH
56
modulation of channel activity
slow or high frequency stimulation
57
classes of muscarinic receptor s
M1-->M5
58
which muscarinic receptors couple to phospholipase C
ODD M1 M3 M5 stimulation
59
which muscarinic receptors couple to adenylyl cyclase
EVEN M2 M4 inhibition
60
a1
adrenergic receptor found on most sympathetic target tissue activates PLC increases Ca2+
61
a2
found on smooth muscle, pancreas inhibits adenyl cyclase decreases cAMP
62
B1
found in heart and salivary glands activates adenyl cyclase increases cAMP
63
B2
found in smooth and skeletal muscle activates adenyl cyclase increases cAMP
64
B3
found in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle activates adenyl cyclase increases cAMP
65
parasympathimometic drugs
drugs which exert action similar to acetylcholine | can be reversible or irreversible
66
2 types of parasympathimometic drugs
drugs that directly stimulate cholinergic receptors | drugs that inhibit cholinesterase enzyme
67
parasympatholytic drugs
antagonise action of acetylcholine
68
nicotine as a parasympatholytic drug
lots of nicotine desensitize receptor due to prolonged depolarisation results in tolerance
69
parasympatholytic competitive inihbitors
occupy Ach binding site to prevent Ach action
70
parasympatholytic drugs work by 2 mechanisms
competitive inhibition | persistent depolarisation
71
persistent depolarisation
prolonged desensitisation of Ach receptor therefore preventing excitation of the receptor by the released Ach
72
drugs that act on alpha adrenergic receptor
stimulate a1 receptors block a2 receptors --> decrease activity
73
effect of beta blockers
slow heart rate
74
effect of G By subunit activating GIRK channels
slows down depolarisation and slows rate of heart beat (K+ causes hyperpolarisation of cell) parasympathetic
75
effect of Gai activation in cardiac muscle | lowers PKA and cAMP levels
``` reduces L-type calcium channel opening reduces force (upstroke) of contraction ``` parasympathetic
76
PVN
paraventricular nucleus located in hypothalamus master pre-autnomic control area
77
hypothalamus has 3 coordinated types of output | what are they
autonomic: - action on smooth muscles (blood vessels) behavioural: - conscious thirst drives search for fluid intake endocrine: - release of vasopressin (ADH) into the blood promoting water reabsorption
78
what secretes epinephrine and norepineprhine
adrenal medulla
79
chronic alcohol use deleterious to autonomic NS
demyelinates axons slows conduction cannot conduct impulses at high frequencies
80
predominant effects of nicotine
stimulatory
81
effects of alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation
the arteries constrict | increases the blood pressure and the blood flow returning to the heart

Neuropharmacology (14 decks)

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