Circoviridae and Papillomavirdae Flashcards by Christine Parascandola

Circo; circular confirmation
Cyclo: Greek, meaning a ____, ___ or ____
 The ___ known viral pathogens of animals
 The Circoviridae and Anelloviridae families are both comprised of animal viruses with ______ ____-stranded DNA genomes
 Gyrovirus was recently reclassified from the Circoviridae to the Anelloviridae

circle, wheel, ring, smallest, circular, single

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Taxonomy Includes the genera Circovirus and Cyclovirus with ___ and ___ species respectively

49, 52

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Typical member porcine circovirus 1 (AF071879), species Porcine circovirus 1,
genus Circovirus

Touched on this

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Virion is non-_______, _____
Genome: ______, _____, ___-stranded DNA approximately ?kb

enveloped, icosahedral, Monopartite, circular, single, 1.7–2.1

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Replication
________ _____ replication: (RCR) is a process of ________ nucleic acid replication that can rapidly synthesize multiple copies of ____ molecules of DNA or RNA

Rolling circle, unidirectional, circular

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Host Range
Genus Circovirus have been identified only in ______ (?),
Genus Cyclovirus have been identified in ______ (?) and _______ (?), but in most cases the true host is _______.

vertebrates, mammals, birds and fish, vertebrates, mammals and birds, invertebrates, arthropods, unknown

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Physicochemical properties
Virions are very ____, resisting ___C for ___ minutes and pH __ to pH __

stable, 60, 30, 3 , 9

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Look at genome first then look at outside
2nd image –> inside = circular single stranded DNA (important)

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Genome structure and organization of Circoviridae
* Origin of replication located between the start point of two major divergently
arranged ORF s (-CAP and CP)
* Rep gene direct the synthesis of 2 distinct proteins

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Circoviridae replication cycle
 ______
 Virus penetrates into the host cell
 Uncoating, and release of the viral genomic ssDNA into the nucleus
 The ____ DNA is converted into ____ DNA with the participation of cellular factors
 Viral mRNAs: transcribed and translated to produce viral proteins
 These newly synthesized ___DNA can either
- converted to ___DNA and serve as a template for transcription/replication
- encapsidated and form virions released from the cell by budding

Replication lecture - he said to know this

NUCLEAR, ss, ds, ss, ds

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1-Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD)
* First described in 1975 in Sydney
 The most significant disease of psittacine birds worldwide
* Contagious, fatal viral disease affects the beak, feathers, and immune system of birds
* Transmission of the virus from one individual to another :
- ______ contact
-inhalation or ingestion of _____
-infected ____ material, and feather ____** _______ plays important role in transmission
* Very stable in the ________ and can last for many months or years on ______ material. It is also resistant to _______. *Get rid of ____ trays, _____, to get rid of virus**

direct, aerosols, fecal, dust, Feather, environment, contaminated, disinfectants, water, feeders

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PBFD -Clinical sings
–> Three forms of the disease exist:
*1. Per acute form: affects ______ parrots and causes septicemia, pneumonia, enteritis, weight loss, and death. Young birds may ____ before any feather abnormalities are seen
*2. Acute form: affects ____ birds during their first feather formation
-Depressed behavior, followed by sudden changes in developing feathers,
ranging from very subtle to quite obvious abnormal color, bending, breaking,
bleeding, and shedding of feathers.
-Acutely affected birds may recover
*3. The Chronic form: loss of production of ______ down
 At advanced stages of the disease, the beak _____ and may ___ away

circovirus main feature = immunosuppression

neonatal, die, young, powder, softens, rot

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Fungal infection in a young
African Grey Parrot
secondary to PBFD
Newly hatched birds will lack colorful feathers.

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Fungal infection in a young African Grey Parrot; infection with virus first adn then fungal infection (secondary to PBFD)

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Diagnosis of PBFD
Based on clinical sings , characteristic gross
Histologic changes in the tissues of affected birds.
Nucleic acid hybridization
IHC staining assays can be used to detect BFD virus in the tissues of affected birds
Detection of the viral nucleic acids
Detection of the viral genome on the whole blood sample is the best diagnostic approach for the PBFD
*** ___/_____ biopsy through DNA ___ _____ hybridization
** ____ _____ exceeding ___ HAU/___ μl confirm PBFD infection
_____ measures the antibodies in the blood and inversely relates to HA
If test results are positive, although the bird is not displaying any clinical signs,
the bird should be retested within 90 days
**Can do ____

Skin/feather, in situ , HA titers, 640, 50, HI, PCR

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PBFD-Prevention and control
 _______ or _____ of carrier birds to prevent transmission of BFD virus.
 Several ______ have been developed to prevent BFD virus infection, but they currently are not widely available.

Elimination, quarantine, vaccines

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Porcine circoviruses (PCVs)
* ________ family, ______ genus
* Historically, PCV-1 was described as a non-cytopathogenic, picornavirus-like contaminant in the porcine kidney cell line late 1990s, an apparently novel PCV-like virus was isolated from PMWS-affected pigs. The new virus was antigenically and genetically distinct from PCV-1 and designated as PCV-2
*Three species in the genus, PCV type 1 (PCV1), PCV type 2 (PCV2),
and PCV type 3 (PCV3)
* All over the world in the domestic pig and probably the wild boar, has
been recently associated with a number of disease syndromes

Circoviridae, Circovirus

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______ strains of PCV are known as of 2018
* PCV-1: first identified in 1974 is not known to cause disease in ____
* PCV-2: first isolated in 1997 causes _____, which over time results in significant depletion of _______.
* PCV-3: first described in 2015, causes widespread among pigs
* PCV-1 and PCV-2 show a ___ degree of _______ identity & similar genomic organiszation
* Genome organization for _____-___ is similar, but the sequence identity is much lower

Porcine circoviruses (PCVs)

PM examination of diseased animals reveals enlarged lymph nodes & abnormal lung tissue

Three, swine, PMWS, lymphocytes, high, sequence, PCV-3

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PCV causes Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS)
*-wasting or ill thrift
*-extremely enlarged ______ ____
*-lungs will be ______, with intense interlobular ____
*-Liver can be enlarged as well
-The kidney may show _____ spots caused by interstitial ______

Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome (PDNS)
-necrotizing skin, usually ___ to ____ in color
-kidneys ______, petechial and/or multifocal areas of ____ (white spots)
Reproductive symptoms
______ and ____-birth
-At necropsy, the piglets enlarged ___ and ___

lymph node, rubbery, edema, white, nephritis, red, purple, enlarged, necrosis, Abortions, still, heart, liver

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PCVs

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PCVs
PCV-2 systemic disease case definition includes three
main diagnostic criteria
Presence of PCV-2 antigen or DNA (moderate to high
amount) in the microscopic lymphoid lesions
Presence of gross and microscopic (moderate and severe)
lesions characteristic of the disease

*PCR and ?

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*A Macrophage with IB (Botroyid)
*B Paracrystaline viral array

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Control of PCVs ____ specific treatment available * New vaccines *Suvaxyn PCV2 One Dose (Ft. Dodge) * Ingelvac Circoflex (BI) -In USA, 90 % of piglets should vaccinated before weaning * Minimize ____ Environment, mixing, moving, pig density Eliminate or diminish co-infections (PRRSV, etc.) Oral, injectable anti-inflammatories All in all out management regimen Cleaning and disinfection of the facilities

No, stress

Family Anelloviridae * Identified in ____ from a Japanese ____ * This original virus was designated “ ____ virus” after the initials of the patient from whom it was isolated or from the term “_________-_______ virus” * “torques” meaning “______” and “tenuis” meaning “___”) * Family Anelloviridae currently includes ______ genera— NOT THIS Alphatorquevirus, Betatorquevirus, Deltatorquevirus, Epsil ontorquevirus, Etatorquevirus, Gammatorquevirus, Iotator quevirus, Kappatorquevirus, Lambdatorquevirus, Thetator quevirus, and Zetatorquevirus * The ___-stranded, ____ DNA genome ranges from __ to ___ kb in size very similar to _____

1997, patient, TT , transfusion-transmitted, necklace, thin, eleven, single, circular, 2.0, 3.9, circovirus

1-Chicken infectious anemia (Chicken Anemia Virus-CAV)  CAV: used to be under the genus ______, family _______ in the past  CAV: currently under the genus Gyrovirus, family Anelloviridae * Viral disease of ______ chickens (__-__ weeks of age) * Produce aplastic _____, generalized lymphoid ______ & profound immune _______ that leads to _____ (opportunistic) viral, bacterial and fungal infections.  Antibodies have been detected in Japanese quail * CAV present _____ based on serology and virus isolation * CAV infection described in most countries where chickens are raised _____

Gyrovirus, Circoviridae, young, 2-4, anemia, atrophy, suppression, secondary, worldwide, commercially

CAV was placed in the family Circoviridae in the past

still under circo but now not

Economic impact of CAV infection on poultry industry *it is _______ * Trans ovarian transmission: _____ transmission * Potential for inducing ______ alone or in _____ with other infectious diseases * Poor _______ _____ rate (FCR) and reduction in weight gain * High contamination rates for the ______ in the slaughterhouses * High rates of ______ bacterial infections

everywhere, vertical, immunosuppression, combination, Food conversion, carcasses, secondary

CAV tissue tropism, host range and transmission * CAV infects only ____ * Organ affinity: CAV can be isolated from different organs but mainly _______ * Under experimental infection: CAV can be isolated from almost ____ body organs (in, spleen, bursa, bone marrow, etc) * CAV infection usually occurs during the first ___ _____ of life * ______ transmission when breeder flocks get infected during the production time (check _____ and ___ early; will not ___ weight and continue to be ___.) * Horizontal transmission: through infected _____ materials or contaminated ______ * Modes of transmission - ____ routes - _______ route

chickens, thymus, all, 3 weeks, Vertical, hatchery, chicks, gain, anemic, organic, equipment, Oral, Respiratory

CAV infects: _____ and __ ______ precursors

Hemocytoblast, T lymphocyte

CAV and the immunosuppression

CAV infects progenitor cell or the t lymphocyte precursor; decreases B cells and T cells.

* Chicks are ______, _____, and ___ * Birds appeared ___ developed for their age * Young chicken ____ and huddled under the ___ source * _____ in the musculature and subcutaneously with the wing ___ frequently affected

lethargic, depressed, pale, less, depressed, heat, Hemorrhages, tips

Clinical features of the CAV birds huddle togehter, depressed,

CAV- postmortem lesions

CAV * Atrophy of the thymus * Bone marrow is pale or yellow in colour and may have fatty consistency * Subcutaneous petechial on the hock of young chicken

Diagnosis & Control of CAV  Tentative diagnosis is based on history, signs, and gross and histopathologic lesion * Confirmation requires ______ of virus or viral ____ in the _____ or bone ____ * _____ is commonly used to demonstrate the ______ of CAV * Commercial ____ kits are available to detect serum _____ to CAV and can be used to identify breeder flocks that are seronegative prior to egg production and to monitor the efficacy of vaccination  Control: ___ vaccines are available for vaccination of antibody-negative breeder flocks prior to the start of egg production.

detection, DNA, thymus, marrow, PCR, ELISA, antibodies, Live

CAV Vaccines and vaccination * Aim of the vaccines to protect progeny chickens form early infections ______ ___ ____ when the curve of the maternal antibodies declines. * _____ _____ vaccinated during the rearing period (8-16) wks with the live vaccines; vaccinate grandparents so they can transfer antibodies * Make sure the vaccines produces high level of ______ antibodies CAV-1 and 2 (VP1 and VP2) vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies against CAV

before 3 Wks, Breeder chicken, maternal

Torque teno virus (TTV) --> pigs Torque TENO SUS VIRUSES * TTV has a ____ stranded ____ DNA of ∼___ kb; Torque teno mini virus (TTMV) with ∼___ kb genome also has wide variants * Highly prevalent in ___ populations worldwide * There are at least ___ species of TTSuVs, specifically torque teno sus virus 1 (TTSuV1) and torque teno-sus-virus-2 (TTSuV2) Recently, two related 2.2- and 2.6-kb species joined this community * ______ between variants are frequent *** TTSuV, swine TTV, porcine Anellovirus * TTSuVs are mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route * TTSuV may worsen the progression of other diseases and therefore increase the economic losses for the pig industry

single, circular, 3.8, 2.9, pig, two, Recombinations

Family Papillomaviridae -General properties -Morphology and structures -Genome structure and Organization -Common Papillomaviruses (HPV, BPV, EPV, ) -Laboratory Diagnosis and Vaccines IV. Family Polyomaviridae -Avain polyomavirus (Budgerigar fledgling disease polyomavirus) -Goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPyV) -Polyomaviruses of Laboratory Animals (murine pneumotropic virus (MPtV) -Simian virus 40 (SV40) III. Family: Papillomaviridae

General criteria of Papillomaviruses * Widespread among _______ * Identified in cattle, sheep, goats, deer, horses, rabbits, monkeys pigs, mice, elephants and several species of birds * Induces _______ _____ (____), the hyperplastic epithelial proliferation of the skin or mucous membrane, which may undergo ______ transformation.  Highly species-specific

mammals, benign papillomas, warts, malignant

Morphology and Structure of Papillomaviruses * Virion: -Non-_____ - ____, - _____ -__-__ nm in size * Genome: -Single molecule _____ ___DNA contained within the capsid -8 kb, associated with cellular histones in chromatin-like complex * Host range: ?

enveloped, Small, Icosahedral, 52-55, circular, ds, mammals, reptiles, birds and fish

Papillomavirus Genome structure and organization *10 open reading frames : early or late *Early regions: express viral regulatory proteins E1-E8, some of which are necessary for host cell transformation *Late region: expresses capsid proteins L1 and L2

read off slide quickly

dont need to know

went through this

Human papillomaviruses * Human papillomavirus (HPV): most ______ _____? ** More than ___ HPV types infect the genital areas of males and females HPV types can also infect the mouth and throat Most people with HPV do not develop symptoms or health problems In 90% of cases, the body’s immune system clears HPV within two years ** Certain types of HPV cause genital _____ in males and females ** Other HPV types can cause ______ _____; _____ cells model for this.

common, STI, 40, warts, cervical cancer, HeLa

HPV

HPV and cervical cancer * Prevention and control of HPV in human * ________ virus like particle vaccine -*____ (FDA approved; HPV-16, 18, 6, 11 -* ______ (FDA approved HPC-16, 18 * ____ ____ * Surgery

Recombinant, Gardasil, Cervarix, Pap smear

Epidermal Differentiation & Papilloma virus Replication Late protein (capsid protein synthesis- virus assembly and maturation Early protein synthesis – DNA replication Maintenance of viral DNA (episomal) – few copies per cell

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Epidermal Differentiation & Papilloma virus Replication did not go over this at all

Organization of the viral lifecycle The different layers of the epithelium are shown on the left The timing of expression and associated protein levels are summarized using triangles.

did not go over this at all

Mechanism of Papilomavirus Oncogenesis * In ____ (natural host), BPV-1 and -2 is a self limiting _______ disease, inducing large ______ skin ____. * BPV-1 infection of horses, an incidental host, may lead to the development of benign tumors known as _____. * BPV has been shown to transform cells by inserting its viral genome into the host’s genome. The resulting loss of cellular and viral functions alters the cell’s capabilities leading to ______. * Oncogenic potential of BPV is determined by viral proteins ____, ______, _____.

cattle, neoplastic, fibrous, warts, sarcoids, oncogenesis, E5, E6, and E7

Pathogenesis of Papillomavirus in Keratinocytes * Primary infection starts at ______ ______ cells * Virus entry through skin _____ or ______ * Proliferation of the infected cells which spread _____ in association with virus induced delay in maturation of infected cells * Cell differentiation: large no of virions produced resulted in papilloma formation

stratum germinaticum, abrasion, wounds, laterally

Pathogenesis of Papillomavirus in Keratinocytes

spread infect other cells, buldge from surface.

Papillomaviruses & disease -Human Papillomavirus – HPV >100 types -Bovine Papillomavirus – BPV >19 types -Cottontail Rabbit Papillomavirus – CRPV -Canine Oral Papillomavirus - COPV -Equine Papillomavirus – EqPV -European Elk Papillomavirus – EEPV -Rabbit Oral Papillomavirus - ROPV Papillomavirus is heterogeneous

BPV-2 wart like lesion

Bovine Papillomavirus  6 types on the basis of antigenic and nucleotides sequence  They are further distinguished on the basis of lesion they cause * Cause ________ (_____) on skin of the head, neck, and shoulders, and occasionally on the back and abdomen. vary in size and shape  Small, nodular growth and then grew rapidly into dry whitish cauliflower-like masses  Warts appear ~2 mo after exposure and may last ≥1 yr  Sometimes in venereal regions including vagina and penis

fibropapilloma, warts

Bovine cutaneous papillomatosis - ____ are most susceptible. There are few cases over ___ years of age

Calves, 2

Bovine cutaneous papillomatosis flat “rice-grain” fibropapilloma caused by BPV5.

Bovine cutaneous papillomatosis “frond” type teat papilloma caused by BPV6

Bovine cutaneous papillomatosis vaccines Vaccines against BPV types 1, 2 and 4 *Prophylactic vaccination: (i.e., vaccination of ____-____ animals to ______ infection) with the ____ virus - ______-killed wart tissue suspension), * Virus like particle (L1 or L1+L2), L1 protein or (for BPV-4) L2 protein * long-lasting protection against challenges with the same BPV type, - ineffective against existing warts - Vaccination of calves as early as 4–6 weeks necessary to prevent infection *Therapeutic vaccination (i.e., vaccination of animals with _____ warts) with BPV-4 E7 or BPV-2 L2 induces early ______ of warts.

wart-free, prevent, whole, Formalin, existing, regression

Bracken fern poisoning and Papillomavirus in bovine alimentary cancer * Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are relatively common and have been associated with bracken fern consumption and the presence of papillomas ** A theory of pathogenesis considers bovine papillomavirus type 4 (____-___) as a cofactor in the development of these SCCs Endophytic growth patterns are located in the base of the tongue Regional lymph node metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper digestive tract of cattle associated with chronic poisoning by bracken fern ** Bovine urinary bladder tumors associated with ____-__

BPV-4, BBV-2

Bovine cutaenous papillomatosis fern

Equine Papillomavirus  Not as common as in cattle  Most often on the nose and around the lips of young horses  Sometimes in the inner aspects of ear  Spreads by direct contact through wounds and abrasions  Self-limiting which disappeared spontaneously in 4-8 wks  Natural infection provides solid immunity ** Equine _____, an invasive fibroblastic skin tumor, is the most common neoplasm of equids. It is caused by BPV- __ and __ sometimes need to surgically remove

sarcoid, 1, 2

Equine papillomavirus

Equine sarcoid 1- Occult—flat, gray, hairless, and persistent; often circular or roughly circular 2- Verrucose—gray, scabby, or warty in appearance and may contain small, solid nodules; possible surface ulceration; well-defined or cover large, ill-defined areas 3-Nodular—multiple, discrete, solid nodules of variable size; may ulcerate and bleed 4-Fibroblastic—fleshy masses, either with a thin pedicle or a wide, flat base that commonly bleed easily; may have a wet, hemorrhagic surface 5-Mixed—variable mixtures of two or more types 6-Malevolent—an extremely rare, aggressive tumor that spreads extensively through the skin; cords of tumor tissue intersperse with nodules and ulcerating fibroblastic lesions

ran through this

ran through

PV and Sarcoids in Donkeys * Fibroblastic tumour of viral etiology: BPV-1 (BPV-2) Location: head/ears, limbs, abdomen, sites of trauma/healed wounds Type: occult (flat), nodular, verrucous (warty), fibroblastic, mixed, malignant

PV and sarcoid in donkeys ran through

Camel Papillomsvirus --> _________ -like nodule and a ____ oval raised nodule

Cauliflower, round

Camel papillomavirus

Oral papilloma in dogs

CPV-1 (& possibly CPV-13): ____ ______ (regress spontaneously within 8 weeks)  CPV-2 (& possibly CPV-6): _____ _____ (can be exophytic or inverted [dermal])  CPV-3-5,7-12,14-16: cutaneous ______ _____ (not harmful but may progress to squamous cell carcinomas) * Viral papillomas are rare in cats * FcaPV-1: oral viral papillomas

oral papillomas, cutaneous papillomas, pigmented plaques

Diagnosis of Papillomavirues -History -Clinical Signs -PM lesions -Sampling (proper sample, skin scabs, biopsy, blood, sera, etc) -Processing of Samples -Detection of the Virus by EM - Isolation of Virus (ECE inoculation, etc) - Detection of Viral abs (ELISA, SNT) - Detection of viral DNA (PCR, Real Time PCR, etc ) do PCR and sequencing

IV. Family Polyomaviridae Single genus – polyoma virus * Genome: _____, closed ____, ___ DNA genomes complexed with ______ * Virions smaller (__-___ nm) than papillomaviruses * genome (approximately __ kb) - smaller than papillomaviruses * has _____ gene – ALTO (Overprinting is the capacity to use a segment of DNA originally encoding only one protein to express a second, shifted reading frame in addition to the first one)

small, circular, ds, hisones, 40-45, 5, overprinting

Avian Polyomaviruses of Birds Budgerigar fledgling disease polyomavirus * _____ host range * First ___ discovered – a devastating disease of young _____ - mortality rate up to 100% - feather dysplasia of _____ wing feathers and ___ feathers, evident as the absence of feathers or thick sheaths. * _____ _____ inclusions in the epithelial cells of the kidney, liver, and ventricles of the brain. * Necrosis of ____ - common, ascites and _____ * In larger psittacine birds - _____ phagocytic cells with ____ * In passerines - endothelial cells

Broader, APyV, budgerigars, primary, tail, basophilic, intranuclear, liver, hydropericardium, mononuclear, inclusions

Affected (left) and normal budgerigars The affected budgerigar is the same age, is stunted, and lacks normal feather development

Avian Polyomaviruses of Birds intranuclear inclusions

Goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPyV) * GHPyV : cause _____ and _____ inflammatory disease of epithelial and endothelial cell tropism * Causative agent of _____ _____ and enteritis of young (___-__ wk) geese * characteristic lesions of nephritis, depletion of lymphocytes in the cloacal bursa, enteritis, ascites, and edema of the subcutaneous tissues

acute, chronic, hemorrhagic, nephritis, 2-10

Goose hemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPyV)

Polyomaviruses of Laboratory Animals * Mouse - host to ___ virus -designated as a ______ ______ virus (MPtV), an unfortunate name for an endotheliotropic virus that does ___ primarily target the ____ as a ____ site. * MPtV infects which species? * MT antigen –a major transforming protein that activates protein kinases of __-__ family - used in transgenic constructs for induction of tumors in genetically engineered mice

K, murine pneumotropic, not, lungs, primary, monkeys, mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits, c-Src

Simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40) * Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is a non-_____, ___- DNA virus in the Polyomavirus genus of the family Papovaviridae * Infect _____ and ____ primates * SV-40 has the potential to cause _____ in animals The large tumor antigen (__-__), is essential for both viral replication and cell transformation. * SV-40 is an ____ vector for the following reasons -Can be easily modified to be ___-____ -Can be produced in ___ quantities -Can infect almost ____ cell types that have been tested -It is not _____, which allows long-term expression of the _____

enveloped, ds, humans, nonhuman, tumors, T-ag, non-replicative, large, every, immunogenc, transgene, ideal

French Moult In Budgies * Virus was discovered in ______ imported from France * _______ _____ is a highly contagious virus that may cause serious disease or even death in infected birds, particularly in budgerigars * Shedding of feathers around the ____ and ____ * The first feathers to fall will come from the ___ of the wings, and the remainder of the feathers _____ fall from the budgie’s wings

budgies, Avian polyomavirus, wings, tail, center, rhythmically

French Moult In Budgies

Circoviridae and Papillomavirdae Flashcards

(94 cards)