Circul and Immune Bio 20

Question 1

RBC/Erythrocytes

Answer 1

About 120 days, lack nucleus when matured, biconcave shaped. Large surface to volume ratio that helps in gas exchange. 250 mil hemoglobin. Very flexible.

Question 2

Reticulocyte

Answer 2

Immature RBC (a day away from maturation), no nucleus, 1% of RBCs. During maturation they lose their ribosomes, mitochondria, and cytoplasmic enzymes and produce ATP by glycolysis.

Question 3

What disposes of RBCs?

Answer 3

Macrophages of the spleen, bone marrow, and Liver Kupffer cells.

Question 4

RBC stain

Answer 4

with Giemsa or Wright stain pinkish

Question 5

WBC/ Leukocytes

Answer 5

Fight infection.

N,L,M,E,B

Question 6

Neutro,Eosino,Basophils

Answer 6

Are granuloctyes. They contain specific granules in their cytoplasm which contains many types of enzymes. Lives only a few days

Question 7

Lympho, Monocytes

Answer 7

Agranuocytes. Lacks those granules, can live from months to several years.

Question 8

Diapedesis

Answer 8

Leukocytes leaving the bloodstream to go to connective tissue. The tissue is injured releasing chemical signals that cause vasodilation of capillary walls. Inflammation, defense reaction to invaders such as bacteria.

Question 9

Inflammation

Answer 9

a) Redness: due to increased blood flow
b) Swelling: due to increase capillary permeability
c) Heat: due to more blood, bacterial products such as endotoxins
d) Pain: nociceptors are stimulated due to increased fluid pressure
e) Disturbed function

Question 10

Neutrophils

Answer 10

Are first responders in acute bacterial infections. Very active as phagocytes. Most abundant.

Question 11

Eosinophils

Answer 11

Destroying parasitic worms and participate in allergic reactions. Low phagocytic activity

Question 12

Basophils

Answer 12

Least numerous WBC. Main job is to initiate the process of inflammation. Key in asthma, anaphylaxis, and hay fever. Produce histamine that induces inflammation (vasodilator) and heparin which prevents clotting.

Question 13

Lymphocytes B

Answer 13

B lymphocytes: Humoral immunity: antibodies

B cells differentiate into plasma cells which make antibodies.

Question 14

T Lymphocytes

Answer 14

T Natural Killer Cells: NK Cells secrete cytokines (peptides or glycoproteins that act on cells that have receptors for them).
T Helper Cells: Release cytokines as well as activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophage activation.
T Suppressor Cells: Regulation of both humoral and cell mediated responses.

Question 15

Monocytes

Answer 15

Largest circulating blood cell. Differentiates into macrophages which have many lysosomes. They also produce cytokines that active inflammation.
Monocytes and macrophages are the same cell but in different stages of maturation.

Question 16

Macrophages/monocytes other names

Answer 16

Liver: Kupffer cells
Skin: Langerhans cells
Bone: Osteoclasts
CNS: Microglial cells
Many golgi complexes and lysosomes.
fuse to make foreign body giant cell.

Question 17

Mast Cell

Answer 17

Produces histamine, heparin, and leukotrienes. Live a month months.
Main function is to store the mediators of the inflammation process.

Question 18

Histamine

Answer 18

When released by mast cells, localized edema occurs and your mucosa swells. Breathing in difficult and you feel “stuffy”. Histamines open up or dilate capillaries and make the permeable. Increased diameter allows more clotting proteins and phagocytes delivered to injured area.

Question 19

Leukotriene

Answer 19

Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle and enhances vascular permeability.
Derived from a hematopoietic stem cell.

Question 20

Platelets/ Thrombocytes

Answer 20

Blood clotting, lives about 2 weeks, no nucleus.
Platelets combine with collagen to become activated. In a blood clot, fibrin aggregates into thin threads with RBC and WBC. This gelatinous structure is a thrombus.
Platelets come from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Question 21

Blood order of abundance

Answer 21

RBC > Platelets > WBC

Question 22

Red Bone Marrow

Answer 22

Makes RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Found in all bones, by age 15 or so it is confised to the axial skeleton ( skull, ribs, vertebral column)

Question 23

Yellow Marrow

Answer 23

Appears as fat tissue and is seen in bones of the limbs.

At times of sever blood loss, yellow bone marrow can transform into red bone marrow to allow for more hematopoiesis.

Question 24

Immunoglobins

Answer 24

A,E,D,G,M

Protein molecules that act as antibodies in our immune system. Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells.

Question 25

IgG

Answer 25

Most abundant, longest half life. Only immunoglobin that can cross the placenta. Passive immunity protecting newborns against infections. Efficient at turning on the complement protein system, which aids the immune system.

Question 26

IgM

Answer 26

Together is IgD, they are found on the surface of WBC to bind antigens to B cells. Primary responder.

Question 27

IgA

Answer 27

Found in breast milk, tears, saliva, vaginal fluid, and mucous. Confers passive immunity to nursing infant.

Question 28

IgD

Answer 28

Surface of B Cells and involved with cell differentiation and B cell activation.

Question 29

IgE

Answer 29

Triggers mast cells and basophils to release histamine in allergies. Leukotrienes and heparin can be released.

Question 30

Immunoglobin structure

Answer 30

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains. | Disulfide bonds link heavy chains together and link heavy and light chains together.

Question 31

Opsonization

Answer 31

The coating the antibodies use to bind and directly present to a macrophage.

Question 32

Epitope or antigenic determinant

Answer 32

Small area on an antigen that a receptor or antibody can bind.

Question 33

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Answer 33

Proteins that resides on the cell surface of most cells (not RBCs). Important for reactions in immunity, particularly in antigen presentation to T cells.

Question 34

MHC Class I and II

Answer 34

Class I proteins: all cells except erythrocytes (8-12 aa length). Presents to cytotoxic T cells Class II: macrophages, B- lymp, and dendritic cells; cells that are antigen presenting cells to the helper T cell (13-25 aa length). Presents to cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

Question 35

MHC process

Answer 35

A pathogen is captured by a cell and broken in antigen fragments. These fragmets bind to MHC molecule inside the cell. Class I protein forms a complex which is transported to the cell surface, exposing the peptides to the cell exterior. This combo of MHC and antigen is recognized by a T cell where 2 events can occur: 1) Cell is targeted for death 2) Immune system is activated

Question 36

Active Immunity

Answer 36

a) You produce antibodies naturally after infection b) Vaccine is administered which is able to elicit a protective immune response Can be natural or be deliberate

Question 37

Vaccine

Answer 37

Gives artificially acquire active immunity

Question 38

Passive immunity

Answer 38

a) Antibody transfer from one person to another | b) Administration of serum or Igs to people with weak immuno systems

Question 39

Passive immunization differs from Active

Answer 39

It does not reply on the host's immune system to take charge but results from immediate availability of antibodies that be used to defend us against a pathogen. Antivenin contains antibodies needed to neutralize the toxins, artificially acquired passive immunity.

Question 40

Innate Immunity

Answer 40

Born with it, present and available at short notice. Fever, interferon (protein made by body cells with numerous functions resisting viral infection), neutrophils, macrophages, and microglia.

Question 41

Acquired Immunity

Answer 41

Works with the protection of the innate immune system. | Direct contact with the pathogen is immunity acquired.

Question 42

Autoimmune Disease

Answer 42

Lupus, Hashimoto, Sjogren's, MS, Rheumatoid Arthritis, DM1 Loss of self tolerance, in MS T cells destroy myelin sheath of many neurons in the CNS. In rheymatoid arthritis, IgG molecules are locked up by an antibody and deposited on joint membrane. Deposits complex cause inflammation and pain.

Question 43

Cancer organelle vs Normal organelle

Answer 43

Cancer cells: small cytoplasm, multiple nuclei and large nucleoli, course chromatin. Normal cells: large cytoplasm, single nucleus and nucleolus, fine chromatin.