Circulation and Immunity Test

Question 1

What is the Circulatory System

Answer 1

The circulatory system is composed of the
heart which pumps blood through the blood
vessels transporting nutrients, waste
products, dissolved gases and heat to and from
tissues and organs.

Question 2

Circulatory System Functions

Answer 2

1. Transport nutrients molecules from the digestive system, transport gasses from respiratory system, waste materials from excretory system
2. To regulate internal temperature and transport hormones
3. The circulatory system protects against blood loss from injury
   (clotting) and against disease-causing microbes or toxic
   substances introduced into the body (immune response).

Question 3

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 3

Deoxyginated blood pumped from the right side of heart to go to the lungs to get oxygenated. From body to lungs

Question 4

Systemic Circulation

Answer 4

Oxyginated blood pumped from left side of heart coming from the lungs and to the rest of the body (organs and tissue)

Question 5

A-V valves

Answer 5

Between atrium and ventricle. Prevent backflow from ventricle to atrium. Held tight by cordinae tendinae (heart strings)

Question 6

Semilunar valve aortic and not

Answer 6

Aortic: between aorta and left ventricle prevent backflow from aorta to ventreicle
Not: Prevent backflow from artieries to ventricle

Question 7

SA node

Answer 7

Cardiac muscle is striated
Located at the top of right atrium (bottom of vena cava)
Bundle of specialized nerves and tissues
Natural pacemaker
Signals atrium to contract
start of electrical impulse

Question 8

Av Node

Answer 8

Located where right atrium meets ventricle
Serves as electrical impulse transporter using bundle of his and perkinje fibres
lag so atria are for sure contracted befor ventricle contraction

Question 9

Plasma

Answer 9

plasma proteins (~7%)
■ nutrients (ie. glucose and amino acids)
■ dissolved gases (ie. carbon dioxide and
oxygen)
■ metabolic wastes (ie. urea)
■ hormones
■ vitamins
■ heat

Question 10

Red Blood Cell (erythrocyte)

Answer 10

45% of blood
Biconcave disks (no mintochodrai or nucleii)
Transport oxygen ocress the body
120 days of life
each microlitre of blood contains 5 million
RBCs

Question 11

White blood cell (leukocyte)

Answer 11

1% of blood
- WBCs are able to leave the capillaries and travel in the tissues
- Their main function is to fight infections by phagocytosis or the specialization of B cells and T
cells which produce the immune response
-spend most of their time outside the circulatory system in the interstitial fluid and the lymphatic system where they encounter pathogens

Question 12

First line of Defence

Answer 12

Barriers- prevent cell from entering body; tears, sweat, boogers, skin, cilia lining bronchioles

Question 13

Second line of Defence

Answer 13

Inflammatory responce, blood rushes to sight of infection - swelling, heat, fever - slows down invading pathogen

Question 14

Third line of Defence

Answer 14

Immune responce

Question 15

Thermoregulation

Answer 15

Regulating of heat through blood
Blood is warmer than skin
As more blood passes more heat is lost from body
Rate of heat loss determined by heat gradient
These vessels dilate when we are hot (to increase
blood flow) to increase heat loss = Vasodilation
or constrict when we are cold (decrease blood flow)
to decrease heat loss = Vasoconstriction
maintain homeostasis via heat

Question 16

Cell mediated immunity
(Non specific Defences)

Answer 16

Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages - all use phagocytosis

Question 17

Macrophages

Answer 17

develop from Monocytes
contain and eliminate bacteria
happens when pathogen gets past barriers
use phagocytosis to break down bacteria and then prevent it’s antigen on surface
Once cell to cell communication has happened they produce cytokins to signal it’s time to atack

Question 18

Antibody Mediated Immunity
(specific defences)

Answer 18

Immunity is developed by the action of specific defences that use antibodies.
Immunity is the primary function of the Lymphocytes in our circulatory System.
Lymphocytes: Two Groups, B Cells & T Cells (depend on where they mature)

Question 19

T Cells

Answer 19

Mature in thymus gland (located near heart)
Helper, Killer, Memory, suppressor

Question 20

Helper T Cells

Answer 20

Macrophage antigens bind to antibodies on T cells to show what pathogen looks like
Talk to B Cells and Killer T cells to assemble the army

Question 21

Killer T Cells

Answer 21

Join neutrophils and macrophages on battle field
Bacteria: Kill via cytolisis - (biological knige) uses chemicals to poke holes in pathogen
(dissolution, disrumption)
That chemical is perforin
Virus: Make macrophage do apoptosis (cellular suicide)

Question 22

Suppresor T Cells

Answer 22

Signals B cells and T cells to stop multiplying (fighting is over)
take longer to mature

Question 23

Memory T and B cells

Answer 23

Remember the foreign
invader so the immune response is faster in the
future.
● You are now IMMUNE to this pathogen,
No lag time 5-10 days to 3 days

Question 24

Antibody B cells

Answer 24

plasma B cells → produce antibodies
(millions/hour) and they usually produce
antibodies 1-2 weeks after initial infection
Antibodies clump together to immobilize the virus/bacteria, this
attracts the WBCs into the area to do Phagocytosis.

Question 25

Three functions of Lymphatic system

Answer 25

1. Collect and return leaked proteins and interstitial fluid like plasma to the blood - help maintain fluid balance 2. Defend body against diseases 3. To absorb lipids (fats) from the intestine and transport them to the blood. Fats are absorbed by lacteals within the villi of the small intestine

Question 26

Lymphatic system and immune system

Answer 26

Lymph nodes contain macrophages which contain and destroy pathogens Some macrophages and lymphocytes travel through lymphatic system. Infection will cause increase of macrophages and lymphocytes in lymph nodes

Question 27

Lymph

Answer 27

- Lymph is clear fluid which (interstitial fluid) - Transported through lymph vessels - Lymph vessels collect extra fluid, proteins and micro-organisms and transports them to lymph nodes for filtration

Question 28

Two lymphatic places than connect to the blood

Answer 28

Thoracic and lymphatic duct Where fluid in form of lymph is returned to the veins Fluid becomes plasmsa

Question 29

Lymph nodes

Answer 29

Contain white blood cells to filter lymph Located around body neck and groinal area Filter out debris and damaged cells Store lymphcytes

Question 30

How do vaccines work?

Answer 30

Artificially introduce immunity using weakened or dead bacteria Injecting stimulates primary immune response Second time exposed B cells and T cells will will grow faster due to memory cells

Question 31

Active immunity

Answer 31

Vaccine

Question 32

Passive immunity

Answer 32

Breast milk provides antibodies but no memory cells Temporary immunity

Question 33

Blood pressure

Answer 33

measure in mmHg

Question 34

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 34

Oxygen binds to four iron molecules and attaches to to folded protein structure (hemoglobin) Gives blood red colour

Question 35

Carbomehemoglobin

Answer 35

carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin

Question 36

MRNA vaccine

Answer 36

Instructions for mimicking spiked proteins of covid bacteria

Question 37

Lymphatic network

Answer 37

Network of vessels with nodes/glands that extend through the body