Circulation And Perfusion

Question 1

Simultaneous contraction of the two atria, followed a fraction of a second later by the simultaneous contraction of the ventricles.

Answer 1

cardiac cycle

Question 2

What is the role of the sinoatrial (S A) node?

Answer 2

Pacemaker of the heart.

Question 3

Electrical activity passes through the A V node into the left and right bundles of H I S and into Purkinje fibers to the ventricles.

Answer 3

Atrioventricular

Question 4

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood to tissues?

Answer 4

Arteries (except pulmonary artery).

Question 5

What is the function of hemoglobin?

Answer 5

Carries oxygen.

Question 6

What is the main function of the coronary arteries?

Answer 6

Blood supply to the heart.

Question 7

What are the two components of the autonomic nervous system that regulate cardiovascular function?

Answer 7

• Sympathetic fibers (faster HR) * Parasympathetic fibers (slower HR)

Question 8

What factors influence cardiac function in infants?

Answer 8

Transition to life outside the uterus, congenital heart conditions.

Question 9

What is a major factor influencing cardiac function in older adults?

Answer 9

Thicker and more rigid valves, decreased myocardial strength, lower exercise tolerance.

Question 10

What are common signs and symptoms of impaired circulation?

Answer 10

• Cold extremities * Numbness or tingling * Edema * Pallor or cyanosis * Slow healing * Weak pulses * Fatigue * Chest pain * Dyspnea

Question 11

Where is the aortic valve auscultated?

Answer 11

2nd ICS (R sternal border).

Question 12

What does the P wave represent in cardiac monitoring?

Answer 12

Atrial depolarization.

Question 13

What is the normal heart rate for the SA node?

Answer 13

60-100 bpm.

Question 14

What does a lipid panel assess?

Answer 14

Risk for coronary artery disease (CAD).

Question 15

What is the normal range for cholesterol in a lipid panel?

Answer 15

< 200 mg/dL.

Question 16

What does D-Dimer test for?

Answer 16

Hypercoagulation (e.g., MI, DVT, PE).

Question 17

What is hypertension?

Answer 17

A major cause of illness and death in the US, increases stress on the heart and blood vessels.

Question 18

What is primary or essential hypertension?

Answer 18

Diagnosed when there is no known cause for the increase, accounts for at least 90% of all cases.

Question 19

What are classic signs of superficial thrombophlebitis?

Answer 19

• Redness * Warmth * Swelling (edema) * Tenderness

Question 20

What does Homan’s Sign indicate?

Answer 20

Pain in the calf on dorsiflexion of the foot.

Question 21

What is the most serious complication of thrombophlebitis?

Answer 21

Pulmonary embolism.

Question 22

What is the therapeutic intervention for thrombophlebitis?

Answer 22

• Low-molecular weight heparin/heparin * Warfarin * Bedrest (elevate extremity) * Warm, moist heat * Thrombectomy * Vena cava filter

Question 23

What does the nursing diagnosis of decreased cardiac output indicate?

Answer 23

Unable to pump adequately to meet demands of body.

Question 24

What medication is used in managing heart failure?

Answer 24

• Beta-adrenergic blockers * Positive inotropic agents * Diuretics

Question 25

What does an echocardiogram assess?

Answer 25

Heart function and blood flow.

Question 26

What is the role of troponin in cardiac assessment?

Answer 26

Detects myocardial infarction.

Question 27

What does a treadmill test evaluate?

Answer 27

Heart and circulation while exercising, monitored by continuous ECG.

Question 28

What are the signs of heart failure?

Answer 28

* Systemic and pulmonary edema * Impaired gas exchange * Cyanosis * Cold extremities * Low blood pressure

Question 29

What is the function of the cardiac catheterization?

Answer 29

Assess pressures, blood flow, and size and patency of heart chambers.

Question 30

What does the term 'cardiomyopathy' refer to?

Answer 30

Heart enlargement and impaired contractility.

Question 31

What does 'coronary artery disease' indicate?

Answer 31

Plaque buildup inside the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow.

Question 32

What are the symptoms of dysrhythmias?

Answer 32

* Altered heart rate or rhythm * Lower cardiac output * Decreased tissue oxygenation * Irregular pulse

Question 33

What are arterial vascular abnormalities?

Answer 33

Disruption of flow of oxygenated blood to tissues.

Question 34

What is the primary cause of venous vascular abnormalities?

Answer 34

Blood clot (deep vein thrombosis) or thrombophlebitis.

Question 35

What symptoms may indicate venous vascular abnormalities?

Answer 35

Pallor, pain, weak or absent pulses, poor capillary refill, cool skin, tissue dysfunction ## Footnote These symptoms can suggest disrupted blood return to the heart.

Question 36

What diagnostic tool is used to assess blood flow in veins?

Answer 36

Doppler ultrasound ## Footnote This tool helps in identifying venous vascular abnormalities.

Question 37

What condition is characterized by the disruption of blood return to the heart?

Answer 37

Occurs in veins ## Footnote This condition can lead to deep vein thrombosis or thrombophlebitis.

Question 38

What are common symptoms of deep vein thrombosis?

Answer 38

Edema, brown skin discoloration, tissue dysfunction (stasis ulcers), pain in the calf, warmth, redness ## Footnote These symptoms are associated with thrombosis in the veins.

Question 39

What imaging technique can be used to visualize blood vessels?

Answer 39

Angiogram ## Footnote This technique can help diagnose vascular issues.

Question 40

What is venography used for?

Answer 40

To visualize veins ## Footnote It is particularly useful for diagnosing venous conditions.

Question 41

What can heart valve abnormalities lead to?

Answer 41

Turbulent blood flow leading to decreased cardiac output ## Footnote This can compromise tissue oxygenation.

Question 42

What are audible murmurs indicative of?

Answer 42

Turbulent blood flow ## Footnote Murmurs can suggest underlying heart valve abnormalities.

Question 43

What symptoms are associated with compromised tissue oxygenation?

Answer 43

Cyanosis, cold extremities, low blood pressure ## Footnote These symptoms indicate poor blood flow and oxygen delivery.

Question 44

What diagnostic method is used to assess heart function?

Answer 44

Echocardiogram ## Footnote This test provides images of the heart's structure and function.