circulation And Respiration Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are the two separate pumps of the heart?
Systemic circulation and Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation involves the left side of the heart, while pulmonary circulation involves the right side.
What is the path of blood in systemic circulation?
LHS heart → tissues → RHS heart
This circulation system delivers oxygenated blood to the body.
What is the path of blood in pulmonary circulation?
Right ventricle → lungs → left ventricle
This circulation system is responsible for oxygenating blood.
What is cardiac output?
Total Blood Flow
It represents the amount of blood the heart pumps in a minute.
What allows for the exchange of materials in capillaries?
Leaky epithelium
This characteristic facilitates nutrient and gas exchange.
Where is the site of variable resistance in the circulatory system?
Arterioles
They selectively constrict and dilate to control blood flow.
What do veins act as in the circulatory system?
Volume reservoir
They can send blood to the arterial side if blood pressure falls too low.
What is the composition of blood vessels?
Inner lining, Elastic tissue, Vascular Smooth muscle, Fibrous tissue
These components vary based on blood vessel type.
What is the structure of capillary walls?
Flat layer of endothelium, one cell thick
Supported by the extracellular matrix called the basal lamina.
What is the difference between quiet and forced breathing?
Quiet breathing requires little muscle contraction; forced breathing involves multiple muscles
This distinction affects the depth and effort of breathing.
What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?
Mouth, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx
These structures are involved in the conduction of air.
What are the main functions of Type I and Type II alveolar cells?
Type I: gas exchange; Type II: produce surfactant
Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
What is pleurisy?
Inflammation of the pleura
It typically results in labored breathing and is often caused by infections.
What is the tidal volume (TV)?
The amount of air moved in or out of the lungs at rest, approximately 500ml
This value indicates normal breathing capacity.
What is vital capacity (VC)?
Total volume of air that can be breathed in or out = TV + ERV + IRV
It reflects the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.
What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
The total amount of air blown out in one deep breath
It is an important measure of lung function.
What does the term hypoxia refer to?
Too little oxygen
It can lead to serious physiological issues.
What is the role of diffusion in gas transport?
Gas exchange occurs by diffusion over short distances, moving down concentration gradients
This process is crucial for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.
How does haemoglobin transport oxygen?
Hb + O2 → HbO2 (oxyhaemoglobin)
Haemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues.
What is cooperative binding in relation to haemoglobin?
The ability of haemoglobin to bind oxygen more efficiently due to its four polypeptides
This results in an S-shaped saturation curve.
What happens during inspiration?
Alveolar pressure decreases
This allows air to flow into the lungs.
What are the regulated variables to avoid hypoxia and hypercapnia?
Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, pH
These variables are critical for maintaining homeostasis.
What is the significance of alveolar ventilation rate?
It influences gas pressures and indicates how much fresh air reaches the alveoli
Alveolar ventilation is crucial for effective gas exchange.
