kidneys Flashcards
(47 cards)
What are the differences between the innate and adaptive immune responses?
Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not improve with repeated exposure, while adaptive immunity is specific and improves with repeated exposure.
Innate immunity includes immediate responses like phagocytosis, while adaptive immunity involves memory cells and antibody production.
What are the major features of the inflammatory response to pathogens?
Major features include redness, heat, swelling, and pain caused by local cytokines affecting blood vessels.
These effects are due to cytokines produced by immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils.
Why do cells need to extravasate?
Cells extravasate to leave blood vessels and enter tissues to respond to infection or injury.
This process is essential for immune cells to reach sites of inflammation.
When and where was immunology first discovered?
Immunology was first discovered in 430 BC in Athens.
Plague survivors were allowed to care for others, suggesting protective agents in blood.
What types of microbes does the immune system fight?
The immune system fights bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.
Antibodies and immune cells are crucial for this defense.
What are the exterior defenses of the immune system?
Exterior defenses include skin, mucous membranes, and secretions.
These barriers prevent infectious agents from entering the body.
What are leukocytes?
Leukocytes are white blood cells that are part of the immune system.
They include lymphocytes and other cell types involved in immune responses.
What role do macrophages play in the immune system?
Macrophages are phagocytic cells that ingest pathogens and present antigens to T cells.
They are crucial for both innate and adaptive immunity.
What are the three main types of lymphocytes?
The three main types of lymphocytes are:
* B lymphocytes
* T lymphocytes
* Natural Killer (NK) cells
What is the function of dendritic cells?
Dendritic cells are the most important antigen-presenting cells that activate resting T cells.
They play a key role in initiating the adaptive immune response.
What is clonal expansion in adaptive immunity?
Clonal expansion increases the pool of naïve lymphocytes to respond to an antigen.
Expanded clones differentiate into effector and memory cells.
What are the primary lymphoid tissues?
Primary lymphoid tissues include the thymus gland and bone marrow.
These tissues are responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells.
What is the role of lymph nodes?
Lymph nodes capture pathogens that enter local tissues or blood and are involved in immune responses.
They are secondary lymphoid tissues rich in leukocytes.
What is self-tolerance in the immune system?
Self-tolerance is the ability to distinguish self from non-self cells.
It begins during embryogenesis and involves the destruction of self-reactive cells.
What triggers the innate immune response?
The innate immune response is triggered by pathogens and is nonspecific.
It involves pattern recognition receptors that recognize PAMPs.
What is the function of chemotaxins?
Chemotaxins attract immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation.
They play a crucial role in directing phagocytes to the affected area.
What is the complement system?
The complement system is a group of proteins that enhance the immune response, including opsonization and pathogen lysis.
It plays a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
What are the four Latin words that define inflammation?
The four words are:
* calor (heat)
* dolor (pain)
* rubor (redness)
* tumor (swelling)
What is the primary immune response?
The primary immune response is the initial response to a new antigen, characterized by a lag phase followed by antibody production.
IgM is typically the first antibody produced.
What is the secondary immune response?
The secondary immune response occurs upon re-exposure to the same antigen, resulting in a faster and stronger response primarily involving IgG.
Memory B cells facilitate this enhanced response.
What is the role of IgE antibodies?
IgE antibodies are involved in fighting parasitic infections and are part of the allergic immune response.
They trigger histamine release from mast cells.
What is the function of helper T lymphocytes?
Helper T lymphocytes assist other immune cells by producing cytokines.
They play a vital role in coordinating the immune response.
What is the role of IgM in the immune response?
IgM is the first antibody made by a new immune response to a microorganism seen for the first time.
What is the primary function of IgA?
IgA is important in protecting body areas that are open to the outside world.
