Circulation and Respiration II

Question 1

Types of blood vessels:

Answer 1

-Arteries/ arterioles (smaller
carry blood away from the heart
-Veins/venules (smaller)
-Capillaries: are specialized for exchange(substances enter and exit the blood here)

Question 2

High bp (Hypertension)

Answer 2

-affects ~1/3 of all American adults
-can cause MI, stroke, kidney failure, blood vessel rupture, and other hx problems

Question 3

Risk factors of HTN:

Answer 3

sedentary lifestyle, being overweight, and (in some cases) a high- Na diet

Question 4

Low bp (hypotension)

Answer 4

-blood in veins from the lower part of the body flows “uphill” against gravity to the R atrium
-this can impair blood flow to the brain and can cause dizziness or fainting
-Hypotension can also be caused by shock: severe circulatory failure that can result from loss of blood (hypovolemic shock), immune reactions (anaphylactic shock), bacterial infections (septic shock)

Question 5

How is shock tx?

Answer 5

By giving O2, fluids, and norepinephrine to stimulate vasoconstriction

Question 6

When is bp highest and when is it lowest?

Answer 6

When its in arteries in in it’s highest and lowest in veins

Question 7

Systolic pressure:

Answer 7

bp during ventricular systole

Question 8

Diastolic pressure:

Answer 8

bp during ventricular diastole

Question 9

What is used to measure bp?

Answer 9

sphygmomanometry

Question 10

What do Valves (in all veins) help prevent ?

Answer 10

Valves (in all veins) prevent blood from flowing backward

Question 11

Skeletal muscles run parallel to help with what?

Answer 11

Skeletal muscles run parallel to major veins; contraction helps keep blood moving

Question 12

What is the main factor in determining whether fluid will flow IN or OUT of a capillary?

Answer 12

Blood pressure is the main factor determining whether fluid will flow IN or OUT of a capillary

Question 13

Blood pressure _________ as it flows through a capillary bed.

Answer 13

decreases

Question 14

Osmotic pressure:

Answer 14

(always higher in blood and mainly dependent on blood protein content) also contributes

Question 15

Edema is what?

Answer 15

accumulation of excess interstitial fluid in tissues (a.k.a. swelling)

Question 16

What happens if the BP is too high?

Answer 16

If BP is too high, more fluid is pushed into the interstitial fluid

Question 17

Inflammation:

Answer 17

Inflammation can cause increased interstitial osmotic pressure

Question 18

What can cause decreased capillary osmotic pressure?

Answer 18

A low-protein diet (starvation) and by blocked lymphatic vessels

Question 19

Describe the Lymphatic System:

Answer 19

-Lymphatic vessels absorb interstitial fluid and return it to the cardiovascular system
-The lymphatic system also plays a major role in our immunity!

Question 20

Cardiovascular diseases:

Answer 20

affect the heart and blood vessels; usually caused by inappropriate blood clots

Question 21

Risk Factors:

Answer 21

-Age
-Genetics
-Smoking
-Untreated hypertension
-Sedentary lifestyle

Question 22

Hypercholesterolemia & hypertriglyceridemia:

Answer 22

-Elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides
o Leads to atherosclerosis: accumulation of lipids
in artery walls
o HDL and LDL are transporter proteins for
cholesterol
o HDL-C is “healthy” cholesterol: high levels are
associated with a lower risk of heart attack
it removes cholesterol from the blood and stores
it in the liver
o LDL-C is “lethal” cholesterol; causes more
cholesterol to be in the blood

Question 23

Aneurysm

Answer 23

is a weak spot in a blood vessel wall

Question 24

Myocardial Infarction (MI) also known as a heart attack:

Answer 24

is usually caused by blood clots stuck in narrow arteries
-blocks blood flow to the heart, causing heart tissue to die (the amt that dies determine’s the pt’s ability to recover)
-

Question 25

What can be followed with a MI

Answer 25

may be preceded by angina, or chest pain resulting from lack of oxygen flow to the heart; nitroglycerin (metabolized to nitric oxide, a vasodilator) is most often used to treat

Question 26

Coronary Bypass Surgery

Answer 26

- Can make artificial coronary arteries (blood vessels going to the heart) to bypass clogged ones - Use veins transplanted from the legs

Question 27

Heart Failure is when

Answer 27

Failure to adequately perfuse the body with blood

Question 28

Sx of Heart Failure:

Answer 28

-SOB swelling of the ankles and feet (edema) -coughing (due to fluid in lungs)

Question 29

Heart Failure can be caused by what?

Answer 29

-MI -Smoking -HTN -Congenital heart defects

Question 30

Congenital heart defects

Answer 30

-Leading cause of childhood death -Prevalence of around 1% of live births -Septal defects are among the most common

Question 31

Heart Transplant

Answer 31

-Donor hearts are in short supply -Artificial heart was first tried in 1982 -Berlin heart is the latest version -Someday, stem cells may allow us to repair heart tissue or grow artificial human hearts

Question 32

What cells make all types of blood cells?

Answer 32

Stem cells in bone marrow

Question 33

a hormone made by kidneys, increases erythrocyte production, and has been used to (illegally) enhance athletic performance:

Answer 33

Erythropoietin

Question 34

4 components of respiration:

Answer 34

1. Ventilation: exchange of air between lungs & atmosphere 2. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs & blood 3. Transport of O2 and CO2 by blood 4. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood & cells

Question 35

______ results from changes in pressure in the chest cavity

Answer 35

Breathing

Question 36

The diaphragm:

Answer 36

(and some other muscles) adjust the size of the chest cavity -For gases, pressure and volume are inversely correlated P1V1 = P2V2 -Increasing chest volume decreases pressure, causing air to enter the lungs

Question 37

How is breathing controlled by the brain?

Answer 37

homeostatically

Question 38

Equation for resiration:

Answer 38

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3

Question 39

Sensors in the carotid arteries (brain) and aorta (body) sense what?

Answer 39

Blood pH

Question 40

What is the main stimulus for breathing?

Answer 40

decreased pH

Question 41

_______ decreases the work of breathing

Answer 41

surfactant

Question 42

why does surfactant decrease the work of breathing?

Answer 42

This is because surfactant fluid decreases surface tension on the inside of alveoli which could cause them to collapse.

Question 43

Surfactant production by_______________normally begins around 25 weeks gestation and is complete by 34 weeks

Answer 43

type II alveolar cells

Question 44

what is infant respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 44

Infant respiratory distress syndrome: lack of surfactant leads to tendency of alveoli to collapse easily; often fatal

Question 45

Gases flow from ___ to ___.

Answer 45

High to low

Question 46

O2 binding to _______ is influenced by pH.

Answer 46

Hemoglobin