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Concepts NUR 4510 Exam #2 > Circulation:Overview > Flashcards

Circulation:Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Each beat of the heart pumps about __mL of blood, or _L/min

A

60mL, 5L/min

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2
Q

pressure of blood in the aorta of a young adult averages about _____

A

100-120 mm Hg

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3
Q

pressure of blood in the RA averages about _ to _ mm Hg.

A

0 to 5 mmHg

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4
Q

to maintain adequate blood flow through the coronary arteries, MAP must be at least ___ mmHg.

A

60 - 70 mmHg

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5
Q

the period of time when the heart refills (relaxing) with blood after systole (contraction)

A

diastole

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6
Q

a term describing the contraction and emptying of the atria and ventricles

A

systole

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7
Q

Myocardial contraction results from the release of large numbers of _______ ions

A

calcium

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8
Q

average CO of an adult

A

4-7L/min

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9
Q

can be determined by dividing the CO by the body surface area

A

cardiac index (normal range 2.7-3.2 L/min/m2)

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10
Q

the HR is extrensically controlled by the _______________, which adjusts rapidly when necessary to regulate cardiac output.

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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11
Q

slows the heart rate

A

parasympathetic (vagus nerve) system

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12
Q

increases the heart rate

A

sympathetic stimulation

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13
Q

the amount of blood ejected by the left vetricle during each contraction

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

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14
Q

refers to the degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole and just before contraction

A

preload

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15
Q

the pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves and into the peripheral blood vessels

A

afterload

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16
Q

the peripheral component of afterload, the pressure that the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve

A

impedance

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17
Q

the force of cardiac contraction independent of preload

A

myocardial contractility

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18
Q

factors that increase myocardial contractility:

A
  • sympathetic stimulation
  • calcium release
  • positive inotropic drugs
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19
Q

factors that decrease myocardial contractility:

A

hypoxia and acidemia

20
Q

the force of blood exerted against the vessel walls

A

blood pressure

21
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Cardiac Output x Peripheral vascular resistance

22
Q

the amount of pressure/force generated by the left ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each contraction of the heart. it is a measure of how effectively the heart pumps and is an indicator of vascular tone

A

systolic BP

23
Q

the amount of pressure/force against the arterial walls during the relaxation phase of the heart

A

diastolic BP

24
Q

supplies blood to portions of the left ventricle, ventricular septum, chordae tendonae, papillary muscle, and sometimes RV

A

Left anterior descending (LAD) branch

25
Q

supplies blood to left atrium, lateral and posterior surgaces of LV, and sometimes interventricular septum

A

left circumflex (LCX) branch

26
Q

supplies blood to RA, RV, inferior portion of the LV. SA & AV nodes.

A

Right coronary artery (RCA)

27
Q

Serum markers of Myocardial damage:

A
  • troponin
  • creatine kinase - MB
  • myoglobin
28
Q

an invasive diagnostic procedure that involves fluoroscopy and the use of contrast media. performed when an arterial obstruction, narrowing, or aneurysm is suspected.

A

angiography (arteriography)

29
Q

Complications of Cardiac Cath:

A
  • MI
  • Stroke
  • Arterial bleeding
  • Thromboemolism
  • Lethal dysrhythmias
  • Arterial dissection
  • Death
30
Q

What can be given pre and post cardiac cath to help eliminate or minimize contrast-induced renal toxicity?

A

acetylcysteine

31
Q

an alternative to injecting a medium into the coronary arteries, which introduces a flexible catheter with a miniature transducer at the distal tip to view the coronary arteries

A

intravasacular ultrasonography (IVUS); more reliable than angiography in indicating plaque distribution and composition, arterial dissection, and degree of stenosis of the occluded artery

32
Q

How often do you monitor patients vital signs in Follow up care of a cardiac cath?

A

VS every 15min for 1hr, then every 30min for 2hr or until VS are stable

33
Q

assesses cardiovascular abnormalities, necrotic or ischemic tissue does not absorb the radioisotope and appears as “cold spots” on the scan. Assess myocardial scarring and perfusion, to detect the location and extent of an acute or chronic MI, graft patency after bypass, evaluate antianginal therapy, thrombolytic therapies, or balloon angioplasty

A

Thalium imaging of the heart (myocardial nuclear perfusion imaging (MNPI)

34
Q

assess cardopvascular response to an increased workload. Helps determine the functional capacity of the heart and screens for asymptomatic coronary artery disease. Detects dysrhythmias and effectiveness of antidysrhythmia drugs.

A

Stress test, exercise electrocardiography, exercise tolerance test

35
Q

an invasive system used in critical care areas to provide quantitative information about vascular capacity, blood volume, pump effectiveness, and tissue perfusion. DIRECTLY measures pressures in the heart and great vessels

A

hemodynamic monitoring

36
Q

how is the patency of a hemodynamic monitor maintained?

A

slow continuous infusion of NS, usually infused at 3-4mL/hr to prevent backup of blood and occlusion of the catheter

37
Q

What information is provided by monitoring the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP)?

A

tip of the catheter can sense pressures transmitted from the left atrium, which reflect left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP)

38
Q

increased PAWP; (trend)

A

Left ventricular failure, hypervolemia, mitral regurgitation, intracardiac shunt

39
Q

decreased PAWP; (trend)

A

hypovolemia or afterload reduction

40
Q

normal RA pressure

A

1-8mmHg

41
Q

normal pulmonay artery pressure (PAP)

A

15-30/8-15 mmHg

42
Q

normal pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP)

A

4-12 mmHg

43
Q

Increased RA pressures may occur with:

A

right ventricular failure

44
Q

low RA pressures usually indicate:

A

hypovolemia

45
Q

What are two very important nursing interventions to remember when performing hemodynamic monitoring? (location, balloon)

A
  • transducer be level of the phlebostatic axis
  • if balloon remains in wedge position after reading call Dr IMMEDIATELY
46
Q

Direct measurements of BP are usually __ to __ mmHg greater than indirect (cuff) measurements.

A

10-15mmHg

47
Q
A

Concepts NUR 4510 Exam #2 (3 decks)

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