Circulation, Spinal Cord

Question 1

If pressure becomes elevated in the dural sinuses, blood can shift from the sinuses out to the _____ thus decreasing intracranial sinus pressure

Answer 1

Subgaleal Space

Question 2

Small vessels that carry blood from the SSS to the subgaleal space

Answer 2

Emissary Veins

Question 3

Infection or thrombosis in emissary veins and subgaleal space can lead to ___

Answer 3

Dural Sinus Thrombosis&raquo_space; Increased ICP

Question 4

Choroid plexuses arise from the

Answer 4

pia mater

Question 5

Symptoms of SAH can mimic

Answer 5

Meningitis - minus the fever
(bc SA space contains CSF)

HA, stiff neck,

Question 6

_____ wrap around capillaries in brain, adding a second layer of filtration

Answer 6

Astrocytes

+ tight junctions = BBB

Question 7

Primary regulator for CNS blood flow

Answer 7

Carbon Dioxide

Question 8

A case where the message goes through the spinal cord and creates effect without involving the brain.

Answer 8

Reflex arc

The motor effects from reflex arcs generally occur before the perception of the event in the higher centers of the brain.

Question 9

4 neural activities of reflex arch

Answer 9

1. Monosynaptic response
   (stretch fibers in spindle > spinal cord > muscle)
2. Reciprocal innervation
   (interneuron, inhibits reflex)
3. Synergistic muscle recruitment
   (recruits helper muscles w other monosynaptic)
4. Ascending information
   (up to the boss in higher brain)

Question 10

Cell bodies for sensory neurons lie

Answer 10

Dorsal Root Ganglia - outside of vertebral canal

Question 11

Dorsal HORN composed primarily of

Answer 11

sensory interneurons and axons

Question 12

Ventral horn contains

Answer 12

cell bodies of efferent pathways

Question 13

Efferent cell bodies leave the spinal cord via

Answer 13

Spinal nerves

Question 14

These are the neurons that directly synapse with muscles

Answer 14

Lower motor neurons

Question 15

Destruction of lower motor neurons =

Answer 15

permanent paralysis

Question 16

___ Neurons w cell bodies in the brain, and axons traveling to appropriate vertebral level to synapse w ___

Answer 16

Upper motor neurons

Lower motor neurons

Question 17

What neurotransmitter do upper motor neurons use?

Answer 17

GLUTAMATE

doesn’t leave CNS

Question 18

What neurotransmitter do lower motor neurons use?

Answer 18

Acetylcholine

leaves CNS, goes straight to target

Question 19

Anterior and lateral spinal cord. Voluntary motion. Motor below the head.

Answer 19

Corticospinal tract

Instructions for movement from Cortex&raquo_space; Spine

**several tracts, rolled together*

Question 20

Anteriolateral spinal cord. Proprioception, pain, temperature, light touch, pressure

Answer 20

Spinothalamic tract

Perception of temp, pain etc from body > Spin > Thalamus

**Several tracts, all rolled together*

Question 21

Proprioception, deep touch, vibration. Posterior spinal cord.

Answer 21

Dorsal columns

Question 22

Afferent, Dorsal Column tract crosses at ___

Answer 22

THE MEDULLA

proprioception, deep touch, vibration

Question 23

Afferent, Spiniothalamic tract crosses at ___

Answer 23

THE SIGHT OF ENTRY

Question 24

Descending, Corticospinal tract crosses at ____

Answer 24

THE MEDULLA

Question 25

Do all nerve fibers of the Corticospinal tract desiccate?

Answer 25

NO - most of them do, but about 10% remain ipsilateral - and innervate very proximal muscles

Question 26

Syndrome characterized by disproportionally greater motor impairment of the arms than the legs, with variable sensory loss below the level of injury

Answer 26

Central Cord Syndrome

Question 27

Why are arms affected more than legs in Central Cord Syndrome?

Answer 27

Messages that have to travel the farthest are located most laterally on the spinal cord medial > lateral = cervical > thoracic > lumbar > sacral

Question 28

Most common cause of central cord syndrome

Answer 28

Hyperextension of the spinal cord (neck snapped straight back)

Question 29

Image of spinal cord showing central hemorrhagic necrosis, and swelling is indicative of

Answer 29

Central Cord Syndrome

Question 30

Variable loss of motor function and perception of temp, pain, light touch - below the site of injury with preservation of position, vibration, and touch

Answer 30

Anterior Cord Syndrome Corticospinal and Spinothalamic affected, dorsal columns spared

Question 31

Cause of anterior spinal cord syndrome?

Answer 31

Hyperflexion

Question 32

Typically the result of a penetrating injury which has damaged one side of the spinal cord

Answer 32

Brown Sequard Syndrome

Question 33

``` Brown Sequard Syndrome characterized by motor loss (corticospinal) and deep touch / vibration / position sensory loss (dorsal) ON THE _____ AS LESION ``` and temp, pain, light touch sensory loss (spinothalamic) ON THE ____ AS LESION

Answer 33

SAME SIDE OPPOSITE SIDE

Question 34

Causes of Brown Sequard Syndrome

Answer 34

Penetrating trauma Ruptured disc Ischemia (obstruction of spinal vessel) Infectious/inflammatory disease Spinal cord tumor

Question 35

Demyelination of dorsal columns and coritcospinal tracts can be caused by

Answer 35

long term B 12 deficiency

Question 36

Long term B 12 deficiency that causes demyelination of dorsal columns and coritcospinal tracts is called

Answer 36

Subacute Combined Degeneration

Question 37

Gradual loss of myelin within the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

Answer 37

Tabes Dorsalis from tertiary syphilis

Question 38

Decreased ability to sense proprioception, light touch and vibration below the site of lesion - can be indicative of what?

Answer 38

Dorsal column lesion ie: Tabes Dorsalis