Circulatory

Question 1

Heart and Lung: series

systemic: parallel

Answer 1

series: constant volume (flow stays same, pressure changes)
parallel: problem in one place doesn’t affect others

Question 2

pressure in pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 2

15 mmHg, 100 mmHg

Question 3

pulmonary vessels able to decrease resistance why

Answer 3

1. greater in diameter
2. distensible
3. thinner
4. less smooth muscle

Question 4

Tunics of arteries and veins

Answer 4

1. Tunica intima: endothelium, loose CT, elastic lamina
2. tunica media: smooth muscle, collagen
3. tunica adventitia: elastic fibers, collagen fibers

Question 5

coronary circulation

Answer 5

circulation of blood within the blood vessels of the cardiac tissue

Question 6

role of lymphatic system in preventing edema

Answer 6

fluid filters out of arterial end of capillary, fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end (different pressures)
- any excess is picked up by lymphatic vessel

Question 7

organs with dual circulation

Answer 7

• redundant blood supply, can receive oxygen from second source if first is compromised
• Liver and Lungs

Question 8

End circulation organs

Answer 8

• most everything but liver and lungs
• i.e. kidneys, spleen
• Blockage of vessels can be disastrous

Question 9

anastomosis

Answer 9

• provide alternative pathways for blood flow
• i.e. response to cold weather - blood divert through anastomosis near skin to prevent flow at skin surface where it would lose heat

Question 10

cardiac output

Answer 10

volume blood pumped by heart in one minute

- stroke volume x heart rate

Question 11

arteries and what they serve

Answer 11

brachiocephalic trunk: brain and head
common carotid: head and neck
subclavian: mainly arms
thoracic: all body except head neck upper extremities
abdominal: in retroperitoneum
common iliac: pelvis and lower limbs
celiac: liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas
mesenteric: SI and large intestine

Question 12

edema

Answer 12

abnormal increase in interstitial fluid within tissues (between cells)

Question 13

pleural effusion

Answer 13

fluid collection in pleural cavity

Question 14

anasarca

Answer 14

severe and generalized edema with widespread subcutaneous tissue swelling

Question 15

ascites

Answer 15

fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity (effusion)

Question 16

causes of edema

Answer 16

1. increased hydrostatic pressure
2. reduced plasma osmotic pressure
3. sodium and water retention
4. lymphatic obstruction

Question 17

hyperemia vs. congestion

Answer 17

hyperemia shouldn’t cause hypoxia, congestion can

Question 18

hyperemia

Answer 18

active process in which arteriolar dilation leads to increased blood flow

Question 19

congestion

Answer 19

passive process resulting from reduced outflow of blood from a tissue

Question 20

pulmonary edema (imaging and microscopically)

Answer 20

• uniform opacity on radiograph

- microscopically, cell swelling and clearing and separation of ECM

Question 21

hepatic chronic passive congestion

Answer 21

nutmeg liver

- due to right heart failure

Question 22

L heart failure

Answer 22

causes edema in lungs

Question 23

hemorrhage vs. hematoma

Answer 23

active bleeding (usually in tissue itself) vs. accumulation, usually clotted (in space between serosa and parenchyma)

• into extravascular space

Question 24

petechiae

Answer 24

• 1 to 2 mm hemorrhages into skin

Question 25

purpura

Answer 25

slightly larger hemorrhages than petechiae (> 3 mm)

Question 26

ecchyomses

Answer 26

>1 to 2 cm hematomas

Question 27

thrombus

Answer 27

blood clot formation within intact vessels

Question 28

Virchow's Triad

Answer 28

1. endothelial injury 2. stasis or turbulent flow 3. hypercoagulability

Question 29

Fates of thrombus

Answer 29

1. propogation 2. embolization 3. dissolution 4. organization and recanalization

Question 30

embolus

Answer 30

detached thrombus carried to site distant from origin * Venous source: lodges in lung bed * Arterial source: any location systemically

Question 31

red infarct

Answer 31

- area of ischemic necrosis, venous occlusions (i.e. testicular or ovarian torsion) - previously congested tissues - tissues with dual circulation (liver and lung) - bowel

Question 32

white infarct

Answer 32

- area of ischemic necrosis with arterial occlusions in solid organs with end-arterial circulation - i.e. heart, spleen, kidney

Question 33

atheroma

Answer 33

accumulation of swelling in artery walls made of up macrophage cells, debris, lipids, calcium, fibrous connective tissue