Histo/Immune System/Cell Injury

Question 1

RBC lifespan

Answer 1

120 days

Question 2

Hct

Answer 2

volume of packed cells (%)

Question 3

Hgb

Answer 3

g Hgb / L

Question 4

MCV

Answer 4

mean corpuscular volume

mean RBC volume

Question 5

MCH

Answer 5

mean corpuscular Hgb

amount of Hgb in a given cell

Question 6

MCHC

Answer 6

Mean corpuscular Hgb concentration

Hgb concentration of average RBC

Question 7

RDW

Answer 7

coefficient of variation about mean RBC size (higher means more variation)

Question 8

reitculocyte

Answer 8

immature RBC recently entered into circulation, blueish

Question 9

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

Answer 9

low MCV, low MCH, low MCHC

Causes: iron deficiency, thalassemia

Question 10

Macrocytic anemia

Answer 10

High MCV

Causes: Megaloblastic anemia (vit B12 deficiency), alcohol

Question 11

Normocytic normochromic anemia

Answer 11

normal MCV, MCH, MCHC

Causes: anemia of chronic disease, acute blood loss, hemolytic anemia

Question 12

anisocytosis

Answer 12

variation in red cell size

Question 13

poikilocytosis

Answer 13

variation in red cell shape

Question 14

schistocyte

Answer 14

fragmented red cell, torn or split or broken

The great RBC schism …

Question 15

Target cell

Answer 15

red cell in which Hgb appears concentrated, seen in thalassemias

Question 16

drepanocyte

Answer 16

sickle cell

Question 17

spherocyte

Answer 17

spherical without central pallor, hyperchromic

Question 18

hypochromic

Answer 18

pale

Question 19

platelet

Answer 19

blue-purplish granules, small

Question 20

Neutrophil

Answer 20

• myeloid, granulocyte
• most abundant
• multilobular
• first response phagocytosis

Question 21

eosinophils

Answer 21

• myeloid granulocyte
• dense pink granules
• seen in parasitic infection, releases MBP

Question 22

basophils

Answer 22

• myeloid granulocyte
• blue granules, usually can’t see nucleus, relatively rare
• release histamine and heparin

Question 23

mast cell

Answer 23

• myeloid granulocyte

- in mucosal tissues, secretes histamine and heparin, eosinophilic chemotactant factor

Question 24

Monocyte/Macrophage

Answer 24

• circulating/tissues
• has cytoplasmic vacuoles
• phagocytosis and antigen presentation via MHCII

Question 25

NK cells

Answer 25

- lymphoid derived | - will kill things no presenting MHCI (self)

Question 26

Dendritic cells

Answer 26

- never circulating - presents antigen via MHCII, calls second line into action - best antigen presenter

Question 27

B cells

Answer 27

1. antibodies bind antigens 2. antigen fragment presented on MHCII to T helper cells 3. TH --> memory B cells, plasma B cells

Question 28

T-helper

Answer 28

- forms memory T helper - stimulates macrophages, B cells (memory and effector), neutrophils - Respond to antigen presentation on MHCII: presented by macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells (specific)

Question 29

T-cytotoxic

Answer 29

- forms more Tc | - releases perforin when cell presents foreign substance on MHCI

Question 30

Which main cell types implicated in types of infections?

Answer 30

bacterial: neutrophils viral: lymphocytes parasitic: eosinophils mycobacterial (TB): monocytes general inflammatory: basophils

Question 31

myeloid left shift

Answer 31

bone marrow releasing myeloid cells before they are fully developed, commonly occurs in infection, malignancy, drug reaction - appears more blue, high N:C ratio

Question 32

Cells with MHCII

Answer 32

1. dendritic (best antigen presenters) 2. macrophages 3. B cells

Question 33

Cells with MHCI

Answer 33

all self-cells, dendritic cells

Question 34

Which cells can phagocytose?

Answer 34

1. neutrophils 2. macrophages 3. dendritic cells 4. mast cells

Question 35

Which cells kill self-cells that aren't presenting MHCI?

Answer 35

NK cells

Question 36

Which cells kill cells presenting foreign material on MHCI?

Answer 36

T cytotoxic

Question 37

ATP depletion leads to...

Answer 37

necrosis. Na+ accumulates in cell and it bursts

Question 38

3 types of reversible cellular injury

Answer 38

1. cellular swelling 2. chromatin clumping 3. fatty change

Question 39

coagulative necrosis

Answer 39

characteristic of infarcts in all solid organs except brain | - basic tissue architecture preserved

Question 40

caseous necrosis

Answer 40

- encountered most often in foci of TB infection | - caseating granulomas

Question 41

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 41

- focal bacterial infections | - liquid = pus

Question 42

fat necrosis

Answer 42

- chalky white areas of fat saponification

Question 43

fibrinoid

Answer 43

- seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels,

Question 44

Clinical signs of acute inflammation

Answer 44

1. rubor and calor: redness and warmth due to vasodilation 2. tumor: swelling (first transudative due to increased hydrostatic pressure, then exudative due to increased vascular permeability) 3. dolor: pain resulting from bradykinins, etc 4. fever

Question 45

vascular change in acute inflammatory response

Answer 45

1. vasodilation 2. vascular permeability 3. vascular congestion 4. accumulation of neutrophils and leukocytes

Question 46

Differentiation acute and chronic inflammation histologically

Answer 46

acute will have lots of neutrophils (appear as multilobular) chronic will have lots of lymphocytes (dark round nucleus)