Circulatory

Question 1

What are the three components of the Circulatory System?

Answer 1

• Blood.
• Blood Vessels.
• Heart.

Question 2

What are the 3 classes of formed elements?

Answer 2

• RBC’s: Erythrocytes.
• WBC’s: Leukocytes.
• Platelets: Thrombocytes.

Question 3

What are the 2 major classes of Leukocytes?

Answer 3

• Granular Luekocytes.
• Agranular Leukocytes.

Question 4

What are the 3 types of Granular Leukocytes?

Answer 4

• Basophils.
• Eosinophils.
• Neutrophils.

Means you can see granules on light microscope.

Question 5

What are the 2 types of Agranular Leukocytes?

Answer 5

• Lymphocytes.
• Monocytes.

Question 6

What process produces the formed elements?

Answer 6

Hemopoiesis/ Hematopoiesis.

Question 7

What are the 6 main embryonic hematopoietic centers?

Answer 7

• Yolk Sac.
• Liver.
• Spleen.
• Thymus.
• Lymph nodes.
• Bone Marrow.

Question 8

What is the main adult/ mature hematopoietic centers?

Answer 8

Red Bone Marrow.

Question 9

What is Myeloid Tissue?

Answer 9

Red Bone Marrow.

Question 10

Where do Agranulocytes originate and mature?

Answer 10

Origin: Myeloid Tissue.
Mature: Elsewhere.
EX: T-Cells Mature in Thymus.

Myeloid Tissue: Red Bone Marrow.

Question 11

Where do Granulocytes originate and mature?

Answer 11

Origin: Myeloid Tissue.
Mature: Myeloid Tissue.

Myeloid Tissue: Red Bone Marrow.

Question 12

Multipotent Stem Cell of the Myeloid tissue which can differentiate into any blood cell?

Answer 12

Hemocytoblast.

Myeloid Tissue: Red Bone Marrow.

Question 13

Extracellular Component of the blood?

Answer 13

Plasma.

Question 14

What are the 3 Plasma Proteins of the Blood?

Answer 14

• Albumin (BLD Viscosity).
• Globulins (Immunoglobulins).
• Fibrinogen (Inactive Form of Fibrin- Clotting Factor).

Question 15

What are the three tunics of a blood vessel from inner most to outer?

Answer 15

• Tunica Intima/ Interna.
• Tunica Media.
• Tunica Adventitia/ Externa.

Question 16

Which blood vessel Tunic is simple squamous supported by areolar C.T.

Answer 16

Tunica Intima.
The Simple Squamous is called endothelium.

Question 17

Which blood vessel Tunic contains smooth muscle?

Answer 17

Tunica Media.

Question 18

Which blood vessel Tunic is loose C.T. and may have other blood vessels within it when servicing larger vessels?

Answer 18

Tunica Adventitia.

Question 19

What are the smaller vessels which service larger vessels called?
What layer are they found in?

Answer 19

Vasa Vasorum.
They are mostly found in Tunica Adventitia but may penetrate all the way to tunica Intima.

Question 20

What are the 3 classes of Arteries?

Answer 20

• Elastic.
• Muscular.
• Arteriole.

Question 21

What is the Circular Cuff of Muscle which controls blood flow to the capillary beds?

Answer 21

A Precapillary Sphincter.

Question 22

When a Vein and Artery connect bypassing a capillary bed?

Answer 22

Arteriovenous Shunt.
Shunt is Artery-Vein.
Anastomosis is connection of any two blood vessels (Includes Shunts).

Question 23

Shunt Vs Anastomosis?

Answer 23

Shunt: Vein Connected to Artery.
Anastomosis: Any Two Joined Blood Vessels.

Question 24

What are capillaries made of?

Answer 24

Just Endothelium.
Can be Continuous, Discontinuous, or Sinusoid.

Endothelium on it’s own is not considered tunica intima.

Question 25

What type of Capillary bed has a complete endothelium layer?

Answer 25

Continuous Capillaries. (Not Considered Tunica Intima.) ## Footnote Most Widely Distributed.

Question 26

What type of Capillary Bed has an incomplete Endothelium?

Answer 26

Discontinuous/ Fenestrated Capillaries.

Question 27

How are Sinusoids different from more commonly distributed capillaries?

Answer 27

* Wider Lumen. * Fenestra guarded by Macrophages. ## Footnote May or May not be "True" Capillaries. Found in the Liver.

Question 28

What type of vein and artery carry blood to and from the capillary beds?

Answer 28

To: Arteriole. From: Venule.

Question 29

What are the four types of veins?

Answer 29

* Large. * Medium. * Small. * Venule.

Question 30

What is the thickest Tunic in Veins?

Answer 30

Tunica Adventitia. ## Footnote In Arteries: Tunica Media.

Question 31

What structure within a vein prevents back flow? (Due to a lack of pressure.) What is the tissue making this structure?

Answer 31

Veins will have Valves. These valves are folds of the Tunica Intima. ## Footnote Tunica Intima: Endothelium (Simple Squamous) & Areolar (Loose Irr) C.T.

Question 32

What Body Cavity Encloses the heart?

Answer 32

Pericardial Cavity.

Question 33

What Serous Membrane Encases the Heart?

Answer 33

Pericardium.

Question 34

What are the 3 tissue layers of the heart wall from inner to outer?

Answer 34

Inner * Endocardium: Includes Endothelium. * Myocardium: Thickest/ Muscular. * Epicardium: C.T. & Serous Membrane.

Question 35

What Blood Vessels Supply Blood to the heart?

Answer 35

Coronary Arteries.

Question 36

What are the two major categories of vertebrate hearts?

Answer 36

Single & Double circuit.

Question 37

What type of heart do fish have?

Answer 37

Single Circuit Heart.

Question 38

What is the blood flow of fish as it enters the heart?

Answer 38

Deoxygenated blood from body. 1. Sinus Venosus. 2. Atrium. 3. Ventricle. 4. Conus Arteriosus. 5. Gills Oxygenates. 7. Body Deoxygenates.

Question 39

What clade has double circuit hearts?

Answer 39

Amniotes.

Question 40

Function of the Pulmonary Blood Circuit?

Answer 40

Supplies the heart with oxygen. Carries blood from the heart to lungs and back to the heart. ## Footnote This is the group of vessels which may carry Oxygenated blood in a vein. Vein: Carries blood to the heart.

Question 41

Function of the Systemic Blood Circuit?

Answer 41

Supplies the body with oxygen. Carries oxygenated Blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

Question 42

Which 3 classes of vertebrates have Sinus Venosus?

Answer 42

* Fish. * Amphibians. * Reptiles. * Embryonic in others.

Question 43

What is the Sinus Venosus?

Answer 43

Chamber which collects blood from the veins (of Body.)and brings it into the atrium of the heart. ## Footnote Present in Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles and Embryonic in others.

Question 44

Tissue of the Sinus Venosus? Why?

Answer 44

Thin, mostly Fibrous Connective Tissue, little Muscle. This is becuase it has little contractile action, as the pressure from the ventricle is what drains it. ## Footnote Sinus Venosus connects to Atrium.

Question 45

What is the Opening blood travels through from the Sinus Venosus to the Atrium? ## Footnote In Shark/ Fish.

Answer 45

Sinoatrial Aperture. ## Footnote Guarded by a pair of Unidirectional Valves.

Question 46

What is the Opening blood travels through from the Atrium to the Ventricle? ## Footnote In Shark/ Fish.

Answer 46

The Atrioventricular Aperture. ## Footnote Guarded by a pair of Unidirectional Valves.

Question 47

What Structure recives blood from the ventricle in the Shark/ Fish?

Answer 47

Conus Arteriosus- Elasmobranchs. Conus Bulbosus: Teleosts.

Question 48

Where does blood travel to after going through the Bonus arteriosus/ Bulbus Arteriosus?

Answer 48

To the Gills for oxygenation.

Question 49

What is the histology of the Conus Arteriosus/ Bulbus Arteriosus?

Answer 49

The Arteriosus will be composed of thick Cardiac muscle & Elastic C.t. ## Footnote The muscle allows for Steady Blood Pressure. Fish/ Sharks.

Question 50

How does the Conus Arteriosus prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle?

Answer 50

Semilunar Valves.

Question 51

What structure carries blood from the Ventricle in Teleosts?

Answer 51

Bulbus Arteriosus. Shorter and Wider. ## Footnote Bony Fish.

Question 52

What two clades of organisms were the first to show aerial respiration adaptations to the heart?

Answer 52

Dipnoans and Amphibians. (Started to separate the Deoxy and oxy blood.) ## Footnote Dipnoans: Lungfish.

Question 53

What are the 4 adaptations from fish hearts to amphibian & Dipnoan heart?

Answer 53

* Interatrial Septum. * Interventricular Septum/ Ventricular Trabechulae. * Spiral Valve. * Shortening of Ventral Aorta to non-existence.