Nervous System. Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three inter-related functions of the nervous system?
A
- Sensory Input: Sensory Receptors.
- Integration: Interpretation.
- Motor Output: Activation of Effector Organs.
2
Q
PNS?
A
Peripheral Nervous System: Carries Info to and from CNS.
3
Q
Afferent Nerves?
A
Sensory nerves of the PNS, which carry info to the CNS.
4
Q
Efferent Nerves?
A
Motor Nerves of the PNS, Carries info from CNS to Effector Organ.
5
Q
Describe Somatic Vs Visceral Afferent Nerves?
A
Somatic: Sensory Innervation of the Outer Body (General & Special).
Visceral: Sensory Innervation of the Inner Body (General & Special).
Afferent/ Sensory: Carries to CNS.
6
Q
Afferent Somatic: General Vs Special?
A
General: Senses with Receptors Spread Throughout the outer body.
Special: Senses with receptors Concentrated in specialized areas of the outer body.
Afferent Somatic: Sensory innervation of the Outer Body.
7
Q
What are the 4 main Afferent Somatic Special Senses?
A
Sensory, Outerbody, Concentrated Receptors.
* Vision.
* Olfaction.
* Audition.
* Equilibrium.
* Magnetoception.
* Electroception.
NOT TASTE= Visceral.
Afferent/ Sensory, Somatic/ Outerbody, Special/ Concentrated Receptors.
8
Q
What are the 5 main Afferent Somatic General Senses?
A
Sensory, Outer body, Widespread.
* Pain.
* Temperature.
* Pressure/ Touch.
* Vibration.
* Proprioception.
Afferent/ Sensory, Somatic/ Outerbody, General Widespread Receptors.
9
Q
Afferent Visceral: General Vs Special?
A
General: Senses with Receptors Spread Throughout the Inner body.
Special: Senses with receptors Concentrated in specialized areas in Inner Body.
Afferent Visceral: Sensory innervation of the Inner Body.
10
Q
What are the 7 main Afferent Visceral General Senses?
A
- Pain.
- Temperature.
- Stretch.
- Nausea.
- Irritation.
- Hunger.
- Chemical Changes.
Afferent/ Sensory, Visceral/ Innerbody, General Widespread Receptors.
11
Q
What is the only Afferent Visceral Special Sense?
A
Taste.
Afferent/ Sensory, Visceral/ Innerbody, Special/ Concentrated Receptors.
12
Q
Describe Somatic Vs Visceral Efferent Nerves?
A
Somatic: Motor Innervation of the outer body (Skeletal Muscles).
Visceral: Motor Innervation of the inner body (General & Special).
Efferent/ Motor: Carries out Info from CNS to Effector Organ.
13
Q
Efferent Somatic: General Vs Special?
A
Does not have these subdivisions.
Efferent Somatic is Motor Innervation of the Skeletal Muscles.
Efferent Somatic AKA: Voluntary Nervous System.
Efferent Somatic: Motor Innervation of Outer Body.
14
Q
What type of motor nerves innervate the skeletal muscles?
A
Efferent Somatic.
15
Q
Efferent Visceral: General Vs. Special?
A
General: Motor Nerves Spread Throughout the Inner body (Autonomic/ Involuntary Nervous System).
Special: Motor Nerves Concentrated in specialized areas in Inner Body.
Efferent Visceral: Motor innervation of the inner body.
16
Q
What are the two names the Efferent Visceral General Nerve Group goes by?
What do they Innervate?
A
- Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) or Involuntary Nervous Sytem(INS).
- Innervates Involuntary Muscles and Glands.
(This Nerve system Consists of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous systems.)
Efferent/ Motor, Visceral/ Deep, General/ Widespread.
17
Q
What do the Efferent Visceral Special Nerves Innervate?
A
Pharyngeal Arches and it’s Derivatives. (Branchiomeric Muscles.)
18
Q
What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
A
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: “Fight or Flight” Response.
- Sympathetic Nervous System: “Rest & Digest” Response.
They work in opposites.
19
Q
Cells which send Nerve Impulses?
A
Neurons.
20
Q
Cells which support Nervous system?
A
Neuroglia.
21
Q
What Nutrient do Neurons Require a lot of?
Why?
A
Lots of Glucose & Oxygen, This is due to neurons having a high metabolism.
22
Q
What are Nissl Bodies?
A
AKA: Chromatophilic Bodies:
These are clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
Serve to Produce Proteins and Repair the Nucleolemma.
23
Q
How are nissl bodies held together in the parikaryon Cytoplasm?
A
Parikaryon: Cell Body.
In the cytoplasm the Neurofilaments/ Fibrils between the Nissle Bodies and help resist stress on the perikaryon.
24
Q
What class of Fiber are Neurofibrils/ Neurofilaments?
A
Intermediate Fibers.
These run between Nissl bodies in the cytoplasm and help resist stress on the Perikaryon.
Perikaryon: Cell Body.
25
Where are most Perikarya Located?
CNS: Protected by Skull and Vertebrae. While Axons are long and run from the cell to the next location/ signal transmission.
Dendrites usually stay near the Perikaryon.
26
When perikarya are outside of the Central Nervous system what are they called?
They will be in clusters surrounded by connective tissue & Satellite Glial Cells and called a Ganglion.
## Footnote
Satellite Glia = type of Neuroglia (Supporting Cells.)
27
What is a Ganglion?
A cluster of Perikarya outside of the CNS.
They will surrounded by Connective tissue and Satellite Glial Cells.
## Footnote
Satellite Glia = type of Neuroglia (Supporting Cells.)
28
What are the 2 classes of processes which radiate from Neruons?
* Dendrites: Branching, Numerous, Short, Contain Nissl, Recieve Signal.
* Axons: Less Branching, Usually only one, long, Contain Fibrils, Send Impulse.
29
Swollen region of perikaryon where Axon arises from?
Axonal Hillock.
30
What is an Axon Collateral?
When an axon branches (Rare & at 90º to the axon.)
31
What are the little branches are the terminal end of an axon called?
Telodendria.
32
What are the knob-like endings at the end of the telodendria?
Axon Terminals/ Bouton.
They Contain Neurotransmitters.
33
What cells Produce Myelin?
Schwann Cells- One Axon.
Oligodentrocytes- Many Axons.
34
What forms the Neurilemma?
Sheath of Schwann Cells.
35
Structure:
Axon + Myelin Sheath?
Nerve Fiber.
36
What Sheaths a Nerve Fiber?
Fibrous Endoneurium.
## Footnote
Nerve Fiber: Axon + Sheath of Schwann.
37
What is a Bundle of Nerve Fibers Called?
A Nerve Fascicle.
38
What ensheathes a nerve Fascicle?
Perineurium.
39
What is a bundle of Nerve Fascicles Called?
Nerve Organ.
40
What ensheathes a nerve organ?
Epineurium.
41
Axons travel in groups (Nerve Fascicles) what are these groups called in the CNS Vs PNS?
Central N.S.: Fiber Tracts.
Peripheral C.S.: Nerves.
42
Neuron with 3 or more radiating Processes?
Multipolar Neuron (Most Common.)
Usually only one axon.
43
Neuron with 2 radiating processes?
Bipolar Neuron.
(One Axon, One Dendrite.)
Some Special Senses.
Processes May fuse into a Pseudounipolar Neuron.
44
Neuron with only one Radiating Process?
Unipolar/ Pseudounipolar Neuron.
(One process which splits into an axon and dendrite.)
Found making up sensory nerves, belived to be a fusion of the processes from a bipolar neuron.
45
Where are the Perikarya of Afferent Nerves Usually Located?
Afferent: Sensory.
Located in the PNS within Ganglia.
This is becuase Afferent Nerves send info to the CNS.
## Footnote
Mostly Multipolar Neurons.
46
Where are the Perikarya of Efferent Nerves Usually Located?
Efferent: Motor.
Located in the CNS.
47
What are the Neurons Which serve to connect Sensory and Motor Neurons?
Interneurons/ Association Neurons.
These are common in things like reflexes.
EX: Pulling hand away from something hot without wasting time for the brain to interpret the signal first.
48
What is the area where signal Transmission occurs?
The Synapse.
49
What are the Two types of Synapses?
* Chemical.
* Electrical.
50
In a chemical Synapse what is the Chemical Called?
Neurotransmitter.
51
What is the gap in a synapse called?
Synaptic Cleft.
52
What cells of the Nervous system can reproduce throughout our lives?
Neuroglia.
(Supporting Cells.)
53
What are the neuroglia of the CNS called?
What are the 4 Types?
"Glial Cells"
* Astrocytes: Most Abundant.
* Microglia: Smallest & Phagocytic.
* Ependymal Cells: Lines Hollow Spaces.
* Oligodendrocytes: Myelinates Several Axons.
## Footnote
All of these are only prevalent in the CNS.
54
Neuroglia which is responsible for delivering nutrients from blood vessels to the neuron?
Astrocytes.
They have many Radiating processes which attach to blood vessels and Neurons, hence the name.
55
What are the 4 functions of Astrocytes?
* Deliver nutrients from Blood to Neuron.
* Regulate ion balance in Environment.
* Recycle Neurotransmitters.
* Role in Memory Formation.
56
Least Abundant of the Glial Cells?
Microglia.
## Footnote
Glial = CNS Neuroglia.
57
Glial Cells which are Phagocytic, defending the CNS & Consuming dead neurons.
Microglia.
Also the Least Abundant & Smallest Glial Cell.
58
Glial Cells Which are a Simple Cuboidal Ciliated Epithelium?
Ependymal Cells.
59
Which Glial Cells Line the Hollow Spaces of the Brain?
Ependymal Cells.
Simple Cuboidal Ciliated Epithelium.
60
What is the Function of the Cilia on the Glial Ependymal Cells?
The Cilia serves to circulate/ tissue diffusion of the cerebrospinal fluid thoughout the hollow brain spaces. (Lined by these cells.)
61
Glial cell which can enseath/ Mylinate mutliple CNS Neurons at once?
Oligodendrocytes.
Glial: CNS Supporting Cells.
62
What are the two Neuroglia Cells of the PNS?
* Satellite Cells: Ganglia Protection.
* Schwann Cells: Myelination.
63
What is Myelin?
A Lipoprotein Produced by Schwann Cells/ Oligodendrocytes as a Membrane Modification.
64
What are the 3 Zones/ Layers of the Embryonic Spinal Cord?
* Marginal Zone: Outer Most.
* Mantle/ Intermediate Zone: Middle Layer.
* Ventricular/ Germinal Layer: Inner Layer.
## Footnote
These Surround the Neurocoel (Hollow Space) of the newly differentiated Spinal Cord.
65
What is the Neurocoel?
Hollow Space of the Neural Tube, becomes:
* Central Canal of the Spinal Cord.
* Ventricular Spaces of the brain.
## Footnote
Both Lined by Ependymal Cells.
66
Layer of the Embyronic Spinal Cord which has low cellular content?
Marginal Zone/ Layer.
Outermost Layer.
67
Layer of the Embyronic Spinal Cord which has highly Mitotic Cells?
Ventricular/ Germinal Zone/Layer.
Innermost.
68
Layer of the Embyronic Spinal Cord which contains Neuroblasts and Neuroglial Stem Cells?
Mantle/ Intermediate
Zone/ Layer.
Middle Layer.
69
The Middle Layer of the Embyronic Spinal Cord, The Mantle Zone, Has Neuroblasts and Neuroglial stem Cells, Where are these dervied from?
These are derived from the Stem Cells of the Ventricular/ Germinal Zone.
70
What are Neuroblasts?
Progenitor Cell to the Neuron.
71
What are Neuroglial Stem Cells?
Progenitor Cells to Neuroglia.
## Footnote
Neuroglia: Cells Which Support Neurons.
72
What does the Marginal Zone develop into?
Develops into White Matter.
Axons form this layer.
(From Perikarya of the Mantle Zone.)
## Footnote
Marginal Zone: Outer Layer of Embryonic Spinal Cord.
73
What does the Mantle Develop into?
Develops into Gray Matter.
Made up of Perikarya, & Neuroglia.
(From proliferation of progenitor cells in the Mantle.)
| Mantle Becomes Gray Matter.
## Footnote
Mantle: Middle Layer of the Embryonic Spinal Cord.
Neuroblasts and Neuroglial Stem Progenitor Cells.
74
What does the Ventricular Zone Develop into?
Develops into the Ependymal Cells Lining the central Canal.
(Stem Cells traveled into the Mantle.)
## Footnote
Ventricular Zone: Innermost Layer of Embryonic Spinal Cord.
75
What Neural Parts of the Embryo have a Sulcus Limitans?
* Hindbrain.
* Midbrain.
* Spinal Cord.
76
What Separates the Alar and Basal Plates?
Landmark: Sulcus Limitans.
77
What is the Alar Plate?
The plate above the Sulcus Limitans, which Develops into Afferent Nerves.
## Footnote
Afferent: Sensory.
78
What is the Basal Plate?
The plate below the Sulcus Limitans, which Develops into Efferent Nerves.
## Footnote
Efferent: Motor.
79
The Dorsal Horns of the Spinal Cord develop from what?
What type of nerves?
Develops from Alar Plate, Afferent Nerves.
## Footnote
Afferent: Sensory.
Alar Plate: Above Sulcus Limitans.
80
The Ventral Horns of the Spinal Cord develop from what?
What type of nerves?
Develops from Basal Plate, Efferent Nerves.
## Footnote
Efferent: Motor.
Basal Plate: Below Sulcus Limitans.
81
82
What is the General Pathway of an Efferent Somatic Nerve impulse from the CNS?
From the Spinal Cord, Axon Synapses Directly to the Effector Organ: Skeletal Muscle.
83
What is the General Pathway of an Efferent Visceral General Nerve Impulse from the CNS?
From the spinal cord(Preganglionic), Axon Synapses with a (Post) Ganglionic Nueron's Dendrite, then that impulse is carried on the ganlionic axon to the effector organ (ANS Organs)
## Footnote
ANS AKA Efferent Visceral General.
84
What are Pre & Post Ganglionic Neurons?
* Pre: Neurons from CNS whose axons synapse with Ganglionic Neurons.
Origin: Mantle/ CNS.
* Post: Neurons of the autonomic associated Ganglia.
Origin: Neural Crest Cells/ PNS.
85
The Axon of the Postganglionic Neuron of the ANS is usually?
UnMyelinated.
-Short Distance from effector organ so slow speed is ok.
86
What Germ layer do Afferent & Efferent Nerves Generally Arise from?
Both of Ectodermal Origin.
87
What is the Neural Crest?
Cells that form along the edges of the neural tube during Neurulation. These cells are multipotent, and break into paired metameric series.
88
## Footnote
Observe Neural Crest.
## Footnote
Neurulation Via Neurocoel.
89
How many Neural Crest Cells per Body Metamere Segment?
2, One Pair.
One Cell on each side of the organism to become the Dorsal Root Ganlions.
90
Some Neural Crest Cells become Afferent Neurons, what is the morphology of these new Neurons?
Bipolar Neurons.
They will usually become pseuounipolar Neurons.
## Footnote
Crest Cells only deviate into the PNS varieties.
91
What morphology of neuron is seen in mature dorsal root ganglia?
Pseudounipolar.
92
During the Bipolar Stage of Dorsal Root ganglia what are each of the processes attached to?
Only 2.
Axon: Transmits to CNS.
Dendrite: Receives Signal from Receptor Organ.
93
What are the Neurons which recieve signals from receptor organs called?
First Order Neurons: Primarily Located in the Dorsal Root Ganglia.
## Footnote
Mature: Pseudounipolar.
Embryonic: Bipolar.
94
What Neurons Receive the Signal from the Dorsal Root Ganlia?
Neuroblasts in the Alar Plate: Specifically the Soma of Multipolar Neurons in the Dorsal Gray matter.
## Footnote
Alar Plate → Dorsal Spinal Cord: Horns, Gray matter, & White Matter.
95
The Neurons which recieve the signal from the neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are reffered to as what?
These Multipolar Neurons in the Dorsal Gray Matter are Reffered to as second order Neurons.
(Dorsal Root Ganlia: First Order Neurons.)
## Footnote
All Afferent/ Sensory Nerves.
96
What are the 3 types of 1st order Neurons whose perikarya do not Reside in the Dorsal Root Ganglia?
* Olfactory (CNI): Olfactory Mucosa.
* Optic (CNII): Retina.
* CN III-X: Brain Stem.
## Footnote
(1-10)
97
what are the Cells which give rise to the Optic Nerve Called?
Ganglion Cells.
Optic Nerve: CNII.
98
Where are the soma of Cranial Nerves III-X located?
Cranial Nerves XI&XII?
CN III-X: Brain Stem.
CN XI&XII: Cervical Spinal Cord.
## Footnote
Only 12 pairs of Cranial Nerves.
3-10, 11&12.
99
What part of the Vertebra do the spinal nerves travel through?
Vertebral Canal & Intervertebral Foramina.
100
What is the Outer Connective Tissue of the Spinal Cord and Brain?
## Footnote
Excluding Fish.
Meninges.
Helps Protect.
Fish: Menix Primitiva.
## Footnote
Epineurium Found in the PNS (Axon Bundles), not really much in the CNS.
101
What is the Connective Tissue sheath of the CNS called in Fish?
Menix Primitiva.
## Footnote
Precursor to meninges of more modern animals.
102
In non-Mammalian Vertebrates what the layers of their Meninges?
## Footnote
Excluding Fish: Menix Primitiva.
1. Tough C.t.: Dura Mater.
2. Vascular: Leptomenix.
## Footnote
Lept/o: Thin.
103
What are the layers of the Mammalian Meninges, from superficial to deep?
Superificial:
1. Tough C.t.: Dura Mater.
2. Collagenous: Arachnoid Mater.
3. Thin C.t.: Pia Mater.
## Footnote
Dura: Tough, Arachnoid: Spider "web-like", Pia: Tender.
104
Dura Mater of Spinal Cord Vs Brain?
* Spinal Cord: Surrounded by Adipose (Inbetween dura & Vertebra.)
* Brain: No Adipose. 2 layed, superficial layer attaches in many places to the periosteum of skull.
105
Which layer of the meninges anchors blood vessels?
Arachnoid Mater.
The "web-like" Collagen Bundles Anchor the BLD Vessels.
106
What anatomy marks the beggining of the spinal Cord?
Where it meets the Foramen Magnum and Medulla Oblongata.
107
# Brain Parts?
108
For most Vertebrates the spinal cords ends in the lumbar spine, what it is called after this?
Tapering Structure Called: Conus Medullaris.
109
What is the tapering strucutre which is at the end of the spinal Cord?
Conus Medullaris.
110
Numerus Spinal Nerves Taper off the of Conus Medullaris Innervating the Lower Limbs, Bladder, Anus, & Perineum.
What structure is formed by this?
Cauda Equina.
111
what are the 3 things Gray Matter is Composed of?
* Perikayons.
* Unmyelinated Axons.
* Dendrites.
112
What Connects the Right and Left halves of Gray Matter?
Gray Commisure.
113
What are the Lateral Horns of the Spinal Cord?
Where are they Found?
* These are Soma of Efferent Cells/ Just like the Ventral Horns.
* Present only in thoracic and Cranial Lumber Portions of the spinal Cord.
114
What are the 3 classes of Axon Tracts in the White Matter of the Spinal Cord?
* Ascending: Info From Receptors to Brain.
* Descending: Info from from Brain to Effector Organs.
* Commissural: Carry info from one side of Spinal Cord to the other.
## Footnote
White Matter is Primarily Axons.
115
What info is Carried by Ventral Roots of the Spinal Cord?
What is it Composed of?
* Efferent CNS to PNS.
* Composed of Efferent Nerve Axons: Visceral & Somatic.
## Footnote
Efferent: Motor.
116
What info is Carried by Dorsal Roots of the Spinal Cord?
What is it Composed of?
* Afferent PNS (Receptor Organs.) to CNS.
* Composed of Afferent Nerve Axons: Visceral & Somatic.
117
# What Superclass Spinal Cord is Described?
* Non-convergent Spinal Roots.
* Dorsal Root contains some Efferent Visceral Nerves.
* No Dorsal Root Ganglia, and if there was some aggregation of soma, it stayed as bipolar Neurons.
Primitive Agnatha:
Lampreys.
Hagfish: Convergent Spinal Roots in trunk only.
## Footnote
Jawless Vertebrates.
118
What Agnathans have Converged Spinal Roots in the the Trunk?
Hagfish.
Most Agnatha do not have Converged Spinal Roots.
119
What Superclass has converged Spinal Roots?
Gnathostomata.
## Footnote
Jawed Vertebrates. (Opposite Agnatha.)
120
What are Occipitospinal Nerves?
What Classes of Vertebrates?
Where are they found?
* Primitive Nerves which have Primarily Efferent functions in the Hypobranchial musculature, Lack Dorsal Roots.
* Found in Amphibians and Fish.
* Arise between the last pair of cranial nerves and the first pair of spinal nerves (Occipital Region).
## Footnote
Not Seen in Amniotes.
121
What Cranial Nerves May have been derived from the Occipitospinal Nerves?
CN XI&XII.
Both Lack Dorsal Roots becuase they are Efferent Nerves.
## Footnote
No Afferent, No need to attach to Dorsal Roots of the spinal cord.
122
What superclass has True metamerism where a single pair of Spinal Nerves will innervate each segment of the body?
Gnathostomata.
(Since Agnatha doesn't even have true vertebra, they don't have true metamerism.)
123
After the convergence of the Dorsal and Ventral roots outside of the Spinal Cord, What does this split into?
What info do they carry?
Dorsal and Ventral Rami/ Ramuses.
They both carry Afferent and Efferent Nerves.
124
What does the Dorsal Ramus Lead to?
Innervates Expaxial Muscles & Dorsal Integument with both Efferent & Afferent Nerves.
125
What does the Ventral Ramus lead to?
Innervates Ventral body and Lateral body wall with both Efferent & Afferent Nerves.
126
What does the Ventral Ramus Give rise to in the Thoracic and Lumbar regions?
White and Gray Ramus Communicans.
Allow for communication between Spinal Nerves and Sympathetic Ganglia.
## Footnote
Sympathetic: "Fight or Flight" Response.
127
What is the function of the White Ramus Commincans and The Gray Ramus Communicans?
White: Brings info to the Ganglion.
Gray: Carries info out of the Ganglion.
128
What do the Ventral Rami give rise to?
Nerve plexuses which innervate the limbs.
129
What is a Nerve Plexus?
A network of Intersecting Nerves which will innervate specific Body Regions.
130
What are the 4 Nerve Plexuses which Originate from the Ventral Rami?
* Brachial Plexus.
* Cervical Plexus.
* Lumbar Plexus
* Sacral Plexus.
(Lumbar and Sacral may be grouped as 1).
## Footnote
Vertebrates may not have all 4...
131
In all Vertebrates the Cranial Expansion of the Neural tube gives rise to what 3 Vesicles?
What basic part of the brain do they correspond to?
1. Prosencephalon: Forebrain.
2. Mesencephalon: Midbrain.
3. Rhombencephalon: Hindbrain.
132
What 2 regions does the Prosencephalon Give rise to?
* Telencephalon: Cerebrum.
* Diencephalon: Anterior Forebrain.
## Footnote
Together these make up the Forebrain.
133
What are the 5 Principle Regions of the Brain?
* Telencephalon: Cerebrum.
* Diencephalon: "Inter Brain"
* Mesencephalon: Midbrain.
* Metencephalon: Cerebellum & Pons.
* Myelencephalon: Medulla Oblongata.
134
What two regions does the Rhombencephalon Give rise to?
What part of the brain do they become?
* Metaencephalon: Cerebellum & Pons.
* Myelencephalon: Medulla Oblongata.
135
What are Ventricles of the brain?
What are they Filled with?
Hollow Spaces of the Brain filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid.
## Footnote
Lined by Ependymal Cells.
136
What is the Central Canal of the Spinal Cord Filled with?
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
137
What are the 4 ventricles of the Brain?
* Lateral Ventricles (1&2).
* 3rd Ventrical.
* 4th Ventrical.
138
# Brain Ventricles.
139
What is the thin median between the anterior portions of the Lateral Ventricles?
Septum Pellucidum.
140
What are the 3 horns of the Lateral Ventricles?
141
Which of the Principle Regions houses the Lateral Ventricles?
Telencephalon.
142
Which of the Principle Regions houses the 3rd Ventricle?
Diencephalon.
143
What part of the brain directly connects to the spinal cord?
Medulla Oblongata.
## Footnote
Dog Brain.
144
What is Decussation of the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?
This is where the pyramids meet on the lower half of the medulla oblongata and cross over to opposite sides.
145
What are the fibers tracts which connect the Cerebellum to Medulla Oblongata Called?
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles.
146
What are Olives of the Medulla Oblongata?
A Relay Station for info travelling to the Cerebellum.
Contains: Inferior Olivary Nucleus: a Wavy Gray Matter Structure.
## Footnote
Proprioceptive Info.
147
The Medulla Oblongata houses Reticular Formations that exert control over what 4 autonomic Functions?
* Cardiac.
* Vasomotor.
* Respiratory.
* Hypothalamus Pathways.
148
What are the two Cerebellar Hemispheres Connected by?
The Vermis.
(Central Region.)
149
What are the 3 layers of the Cerebellum in Amniotes?
Outermost.
* Cerebellar Cortex: Has Folds/ Smoothness of movement.
* Cerebellar White Matter: Axons.
* Deep Cerebellar Nuclei: soma.
Innermost.
150
What are the 3 Cerebellar Peduncles?
* Superior: Connect to Midbrain.
* Middle: Connect to Pons.
* Inferior: Connect to Medulla Oblongata & Spinal Cord.
151
What does it mean that the Cerebellum is ipsilateral and the Cerebrum is not?
Cerebellum: Left Side Controls Left side.
Cerebrum: Left Side controls Right Side. (Opposite due to to decussation.)
## Footnote
Ipsilateral: Belonging to the Same Side.
Decussation: Crossing over of nerve fibers to opposite sides.
152
What is the Main Function of the Cerebellum?
Cooridinates Movement, Balance, Motor control.
153
What is Located between the Diencephalon and the Pons?
The Midbrain.
154
What three structures make up the brain stem?
* Midbrain.
* Pons.
* Medullar Oblongata.
155
How is the Midbrain Divided?
Divided into a roof and floor by the Cerebral aqueduct.
Roof: Tectum.
Floor: Tegmentum.
156
What are the Roof and Floor of the midbrain Composed of?
* Roof/ Tectum: 4 Clusters of Nuclei: Corporaquadrigemina (Two groupings of Nuclei: Superior and Inferior Colliculi.)
* Floor/ Tegmentum: Cerebral Pedicles which contain fibers of Pyramidal tract.
157
What is the Corporaquadrigemina?
Groups?
4 Clusters of Nuclei within the Tectum.
Two groupings:
* Superior Colliculi: Visual Reflexes.
* Inferior Colliculi: Auditory Reflexes.
158
What are the 3 Structures of the Diencephalon?
* Epithalamus.
* Thalamus.
* Hypothalamus.
## Footnote
Primarily Gray Matter.
159
What is the function of the Thalamus to the brain?
Serves as a relay center between the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system.
160
What are the nuclei of the Thalamus called?
~12 Major Relay Nuclei.
161
What structure makes up most of the Diencephalon?
The Thalamus.
162
What structure makes up the inferior Diencephalon?
Hypothalamus.
163
What is the main funtion of the Hypothalamus?
Main Control Visceral Center of the Body.
## Footnote
Also has 12 Major Nuclei.
164
What are the 6 functions of the Hypothalamus?
* ANS Control.
* Emotional Response.
* Temp Regulation.
* Monitors Hunger & Thirst.
* Circadian Rhythms.
* Control Endrocrine System
165
What Structure makes up the Dorsal-most portion of the Diencephalon?
The Epithalamus.
166
What is the Epithalamus Composed of?
Tiny group of nuclei and Pineal Gland.
167
What is the Pineal Gland?
* Dorsal-most part of the diencephalon.
* Secretes Serotonin & Melatonin.
168
What extends anteriorly from each Cerebral Hemisphere?
What Princicle Region is the cerebrum?
Olfactory Bulb and Tract.
Cerebrum: Telencephalon Region.
## Footnote
Cat.
169
What are the two sections of the Cerebrum in Fish?
* Pallium: Primitive Sensory Area.
* Globus Pallidus: Sends motor output from Pallium input.
## Footnote
Lamprey.
170
Which Class of Vertebrate will have a very reduced Pallium and Globus Pallidus, and more developed Cerebral Nuclei?
Amphibians.
The cerebral Nuclei will control motor movement of appendicular somatic muscles.
## Footnote
Somatic: Outer Body/ Skeletal Muscles.
171
Which Class of Vertebrate developed the Dorsal Ventricular Ridge which contributed to larger cerebrum, and has a Striatum?
Reptiles.
## Footnote
Reptiles are amniotes.
172
What are the Globus Pallidus and Subpallium Nuclei reffered to as?
Striatum.
(Has a striated Appearance.)
## Footnote
Amniotes.
173
Which Class of Vertebrate has a Dorsal Ventricular Ridge, a Striatum, a New layer of Neurons added on top of the dorsal Ridge?
What is this new Ridge Called?
Avians.
Avian Ridge.
174
What is the outer Layer of the Cerebrum Called?
What type of Matter?
The Cerebral Cortex: Gray Matter.
## Footnote
Gray Matter is mostly perikaryons.
175
What is the Inner layer of the Cerebral Cortex Called?
Type of Matter?
Internal Capsule: White Matter.
## Footnote
White Matter is Mostly Myelinated Axons.
176
What are the 3 functional fiber classes that runs throughout the Internal Capsule of the Cerebral Cortex?
* Commissural Fibers: Connect the Cerebral Hemispheres.
* Association Fibers: Connect Portions of the same Hemisphere.
* Projection Fibers: Connect the Cerebral Cortex to the rest of the CNS.
177
What are the clusters of Gray Matter within the White Matter Internal Capsule of the Cerebral Cortex Called?
Basal Ganglia/ Basal Nuclei/ Cerebral Nuclei.
178
What are Cerebral Nuclei?
Clusters of Gray Matter in the White Matter Internal Capsule.
Migrated from the outer Cerebral Cortex during development.
179
What are the 3 Cerebral Nuclei part of the Mammalian Striatum?
* Caudate Nucleus.
* Putamen.
* Amygdaloid Nucleus.
180
# which Vertebrate Class?
* Functionally Replaced Globus Pallidum.
* Olfactory Portion of the Pallium remains as the Hippocampus.
* Rest of Pallium is lost.
Mammal.
181
What Arteries Carry Blood to the brain?
Internal Carotids.
Supplies Cerebrum.
182
What is the Basilar Artery?
A Joining of vertebral arteries on the under side of the brain. Occurs in some Mammals, Birds, & Many Reptiles.
Supplies Brain Stem.
183
What type of Arteries Connect Basilar and Carotid Arteries?
Communicating Arteries.
In Some Vertebrates This will form a Circle of Willis at the base of the brain.
184
What is the circle of Willis?
A joining of arteries which circles the Base of the Diencephalon.
185
Venous Drainage from the Brain?
Drained by Venous Sinus's and into the Jugular Veins.
## Footnote
Superior Sagittal Sinus is the Large Vein in Mammals.
186
What is the capillary bed responsible for producing CSF?
How?
Choroid Capillary bed. The Capillaries are discontinuous allowing for increased permeability of water and ions from the blood to form CSF.
## Footnote
Discontinuous: Larger Gaps/ Fenestrations between Endothelial Cells making up the vessel.
187
Where is the Choroid Plexus Located?
In Mammals it is located in the 3rd and 4th ventricles.
188
How is CSF Drained?
By the Venous system of the brain.
189
Where are the Perikarya of most Cranial Nerves Located?
Brain Stem.
190
What is Cranial Nerve 0?
Nerve which runs along the Olfactory Tract & Innervates Nasal Mucosa. Sensory, Involved with detection of Pheromones.
191
Why is there a Cranial Nerve 0?
What Superclass Has it?
Cranial Nerve 0 was Discovered post CN1-12. It is the most anterior nerve so had to be 0.
Found in all Gnathostomata.
## Footnote
Gnathostomata: Super Class of Jawed Vertebrates.
192
CN I?
Type?
Arises from?
Olfactory Nerve: Afferent.
Arises from Forebrain.
193
CN VN?
Type?
Arises from?
* Vomeronasal Nerve.
* Afferent.
* Arises from Forebrain.
Chemoreceptive: Likely Senses Pheromones.
Vomeronasal Organ, Accessory Olfactory Bulb.
194
CN II?
Type?
Arises from?
* Optic Nerve.
* Afferent.
* Arises from Forebrain.
195
CN III?
Type?
Arises from?
* Oculomotor Nerve.
* Efferent.
* Arises From Midbrain.
## Footnote
Controls 4 of the 6 Pairs of Extrinsic Oculomotor Muscles.
196
CN IV?
Type?
Arises from?
* Trochlear Nerve.
* Efferent.
* Arises From Midbrain.
Responsible for one pair of Oculomotor Muscles.
197
CN V?
Type?
Arises from?
* Trigeminal Nerve.
* Afferent & Efferent.
* Arises from Pons.
Sensory info of Cutaneous Sensation of head.
& Motor output to Mastication Muscles.
198
CN VI?
Type?
Arises from?
* Abducens Nerve.
* Efferent.
* Arises from the Pons.
Controls one pair of Exstrinsic Oculomotor Muscles.
199
CN VII?
Type?
Arises from?
* Facial Nerve.
* Afferent & Efferent.
* Arises from Pons.
Some Taste Sensory.
Motor output to muscles of facial expression.
200
CN VIII?
Type?
Arises from?
* Vestibulocochlear Nerve.
* Afferent.
* Arises from Medulla Oblongata.
Auditory and Equilibrium sense from internal ear.
201
CN IX?
Type?
Arises from?
* Glossopharyngeal Nerve.
* Afferent & Efferent.
* Arises from Medulla Oblongata.
Some Taste, Sensation of Tongue and Pharynx.
Motor Output to Tongue and Pharynx.
202
CN X?
Type?
Arises from?
* Vagus Nerve.
* Afferent & Efferent.
* Arises from Medulla Oblongata.
Parasympathetic nerve (Part of ANS.)
Innervates many Structures Throughout the body.
203
CN XI?
Type?
Arises from?
* Accessory Nerve.
* Efferent.
* Arises From Medulla Oblongata.
Accessory to Vagus Nerve in Head & Neck.
Only Found in Tetrapods.
204
CN XII?
Type?
Arises from?
* Hypoglossal Nerve.
* Efferent.
* Arises from Medulla Oblongata.
Innervation of Tongue Muscles.
Found only in Tetrapods.
205
CN E?
Type?
Arises from?
* Epiphyseal Complex.
* Afferent.
* Arises From Forebrain.
Sensory Input from Pineal Gland or Parietal Eye.
Only Present in some Fish, Amphibians & Reptiles.
## Footnote
EX: Tuataras (Still not Living.)
206
What is the Optic Chiasma?
Point where the pair of CN2 Crosses over under the Diencephalon.
This is a Decussation Point.
207
Mammal Vs Non-Mammals Difference in Decussation?
* In Non-Mammals There is Total Decussation of the optic Nerves.
* In Mammals only the Medial Eye Field Fiber half Decussate while the Lateral Eye Field Fibers do not.
## Footnote
Decussation: When Bilateral Nerve Fibers Swap Sides.
208
CN P?
Type?
Arises from?
* Profundus Nerve.
* Afferent.
* Arises from the Pons.
Found only in Primitive Vertebrates, Cutaneous Sensation of Head.
## Footnote
Trigeminal Also Arises from Pons, Both can be present and they are still 2 different nerves.
209
CN ALL?
Type?
Arises from?
* Anterior Lateral Line Nerve.
* Afferent.
* Arises from Diencephalon.
Has 3 branches, which pick up Sensory input from the anterior portion of Lateral line, Only present in Fish & Aquatic Amphibians.
210
CN PLL?
Type?
Arises from?
* Posterior Lateral Line Nerve.
* Afferent.
* Arises from Diencephalon.
Has 3 branches, which pick up Sensory input from the Posterior Portion of Lateral line, Only present in Fish & Aquatic Amphibians.
211
What does the ANS Control?
Autnomic Nervous System Controls Visceral Organ Musculature & Glands.
## Footnote
Splits into Sympathic: "Fight ot Flight" & Parasympathetic: "Rest & Digest"
212
What is the two neuron system the ANS uses?
It uses pre and post ganglionic Nerves.
Post Panglionic: Usually Not Myelinated.
213
What two Neurotransmitters does the Sympathetic Nervous system usually use?
"Fight or Flight"
* Epinephrine: affects Heart More.
* Norepinephrine affects Vasculature More.
214
What are the nerve cells of the Sympathetic Nervous system which use Epinephrine or Norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter to effector organs directly Referred to as?
Adrenergic.
## Footnote
Sympathetic: "Fight ot Flight".
215
What Neurotransmitter does the Parasympathetic Nervous System Usually use?
"Rest & Digest"
Acetylcholine.
216
What are the nerve cells of the Parasympathetic Nervous system which use Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to effector organs directly Referred to as?
Cholinergic.
## Footnote
Parasympathetic: "Rest & Digest."
217
Where does the Origin Arise from of the Sympathetic Nervous system?
Thoracolumbar.
218
What are 3 type of ganglia of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
* Chain Ganglia: Paired Structures Parallel to Vertebral Column. Linked by Nerve Trunks, Forms Sympathetic trunk.
* Prevertebral Ganglia: Single Structures Ventral to the Spinal Column.
* Adrenal Medulla: Central Portion of Adrenal Gland.
219
Where does the Origin Arise from of the Parasympathetic Nervous system?
From cranial Nerves and Sacral Nerves.
Craniosacral Origins.
220
Where are the Parasympathetic Ganglia usually Located?
On or within the Target Organ.
## Footnote
Myenteric Plexus, submucosal Plexus.
221
Ch 9 Complete!!
