Circulatory

Question 1

Q: What are the 3 main components of blood?

Answer 1

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

Question 2

Q: What is hemoglobin?

Answer 2

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

Question 3

Q: What happens during a blood transfusion if blood types are incompatible?

Answer 3

A: Agglutination occurs — red blood cells clump and can block vessels

Question 4

Q: What is the role of killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells)?

Answer 4

A: Destroy infected cells

Question 5

What is the role of helper T cells?

Answer 5

Activate B cells and other immune cells

Question 6

Q: What is the function of lymph nodes?

Answer 6

A: Filter lymph and trap pathogens

Question 7

What is the function of lymph capillaries?

Answer 7

Absorb fluid from tissues

Question 8

What does the spleen do?

Answer 8

A: Filters blood, removes old RBCs, stores WBCs

Question 9

Q: What happens in agglutination?

Answer 9

Red blood cells clump together when incompatible blood types mix.

Question 10

What are antibodies?
A:

Answer 10

Proteins in plasma that attack specific antigens.

Question 11

What are antigens?

Answer 11

Proteins on red blood cells that trigger immune responses.

Question 12

What are platelets?

Answer 12

Cell fragments that help in blood clotting

Question 13

Q: How do blood clots form?

Answer 13

Platelets plug the wound, clotting factors activate, fibrin forms a mesh.

Question 14

What do T cells do?

Answer 14

Kill infected cells, activate immune cells.

Question 15

What are helper T cells?

Answer 15

Activate other immune cells

Question 16

What are killer (cytotoxic) T cells?

Answer 16

Destroy infected cells.

Question 17

Where do B cells mature

Answer 17

Bone marrow

Question 18

What do B cells do?

Answer 18

Produce antibodies and form memory cells.

Question 19

Q: What are macrophages?

Answer 19

Large immune cells that phagocytize invaders and present antigens to T cells.

Question 20

Where are macrophages found?

Answer 20

Tissues, lymph nodes, spleen.

Question 21

What do neutrophils do? form of grandulocyte

Answer 21

First responders, perform phagocytosis.

Question 22

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 22

Blood flow from the heart to the lungs and back, for gas exchange.

Question 23

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 23

Blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body and back.

Question 24

Trace the blood flow through the heart.

Answer 24

Body → Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body.

Question 25

What are the four components of blood?

Answer 25

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

Question 26

What is plasma?

Answer 26

The liquid part of blood made mostly of water, carrying nutrients, waste, and proteins

Question 27

What is intracellular fluid?

Answer 27

Fluid inside cells.

Question 28

What is extracellular fluid?

Answer 28

Fluid outside cells — includes plasma and lymph.

Question 29

Where are red blood cells made?

Answer 29

Red bone marrow

Question 30

What do red blood cells contain?

Answer 30

Hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen.

Question 31

Where are white blood cells made?

Answer 31

Bone marrow.

Question 32

Where do white blood cells live?

Answer 32

blood, lymph, tissues, spleen, and lymph nodes.

Question 33

What are the types of white blood cells?

Answer 33

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and Agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

Question 34

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 34

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Question 35

What do the atria do

Answer 35

Receive blood coming into the heart.

Question 36

What do the ventricles do

Answer 36

Pump blood out of the heart.

Question 37

What is the SA node?

Answer 37

The sinoatrial node — the heart’s natural pacemaker, located in the right atrium.

Question 38

What does the SA node do?

Answer 38

Sends electrical signals that cause the atria to contract.

Question 39

What is the AV node?

Answer 39

The atrioventricular node — receives the signal from the SA node and delays it slightly.

Question 40

What does the AV node do?

Answer 40

Passes the electrical signal to the ventricles through the Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract.

Question 41

What is the sequence of electrical conduction in the heart?

Answer 41

SA node → Atria contract → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkinje fibers → Ventricles contract.

Question 42

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 42

Phagocytosis is the process where certain white blood cells, like neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, surround, engulf, and digest harmful invaders such as bacteria, viruses, or dead cells.

Question 43

Q: What is the Rh factor?

Answer 43

A protein antigen on red blood cells (positive or negative)

Question 44

A protein antigen on red blood cells (positive or negative)

Question 45

Q: What is an antibody? A: A protein that binds to a specific antigen

Question 46

what do monocytes do/ become

Answer 46

macrophages and then take part in phagocytosis