Digestive system

Question 1

What are the 4 types of macromolecules

Answer 1

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)

Question 2

What is a marcomolecule?

Answer 2

a large complex organic molecule found in living organisms. They are essential and needed in large quantities (Macro)

Question 3

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 3

an Anabolism process that removes water to form water molecules.
going from simple to complex
2H+0->H2O

Question 4

what is Hydrolysis?

Answer 4

A catabolism process that breakers macromolecules by adding water
compels to simple

Question 5

Catabolism

Answer 5

a process that releases energy
hydrolysis

Question 6

Anabolism

Answer 6

a process that requires energy
dehydration synthesis

Question 7

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 7

Main energy source for body
end in ose ( sucrose, Glucose)

Question 8

what are the types of carbohydrates

Answer 8

monosaccharides- simple sugars (one ring)
Disaccharides - made by combining two monosaccharides (two rings)
Polysaccharides - complex carbohydrates (many rings together)

Question 9

what are the lab test that could identify carbs

Answer 9

A Benedict‘s reagent test can identify simple sugars
A iodine reagent test can identify starches

Question 10

what are lipids made of?

Answer 10

lipids are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids forming a triglyceride?

Question 11

What are the types of fats

Answer 11

saturated fats, have no double bonds contain all possible hydrogen, and a solid at room temperature think of coconut oil or bacon grease

unsaturated fats, have one or more double bonds between carbons liquid at room temperature think of olive oil bent configuration

trans fats
created through hydrogenation, adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats
increase in bad cholesterol and decrease in good cholesterol hydrogens are on opposite sides

Question 12

which type of fats are bent in configuration?

Answer 12

Unsaturated fats

Question 13

What type of fats have opposite hydrogen’s that are alternating?

Answer 13

Trans fats

Question 14

what is a test that we can do to test for lipids?

Answer 14

Glazed/brown paper test

Question 15

what are nucleic acids?

Answer 15

Types of chains of nucleoid that transfer and expressed genetic information

Question 16

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 16

DNA which stores and transfers genetic information

RNA which builds proteins from amino acids

Question 17

What are nucleic acids made of?

Answer 17

nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Question 18

What are proteins?

Answer 18

their polymers made up of amino acids and contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen, and sometimes sulphur too

Question 19

What is the primary function of proteins in the body?

Answer 19

Eden growth, maintenance blood clotting transport, structural function, primarily non-energy source

Question 20

what are proteins made up of?

Answer 20

Composed of amino acids, which contain an amino group a carboxyL group and in R group

A-C
l
R

Question 21

How many different types of amino acids are there?

Answer 21

20

Question 22

The body cannot synthesize how many different types of amino acid that are essential? So where must they be attained from?

Answer 22

Nine so they must be attempted from our diet

Question 23

How are protein made?

Answer 23

through dehydration synthesis, the removal of H2O, which is a catabolism process

Question 24

what are amino acids linked by and what did they form?

Answer 24

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptides

Question 25

what is a peptide bond? And a polypeptide.

Answer 25

A link between amino acids A polypeptide is a link between many peptide bonds

Question 26

Protein structures

Answer 26

primary structure a connections of the letters, think of the letter in the alphabet Secondary structure a twisting due to hydrogen bonding think of writing words Tertiary structure more folding due to interactions between our groups think of sentences Quantity structure large globe proteins made of polypeptides put together think of writing a paragraph

Question 27

What does denaturation?

Answer 27

A change in protein shape due to changes in temperature or pH If factor is removed, it possibly may return to a shape originally

Question 28

When denatration occurs there’s a chance it may be permanent. What is that called?

Answer 28

coagulation When a protein shape occurs through denaturation, it will lose its normal function and have no function

Question 29

what would happen to approach if it were exposed to extreme heat or changes in pH?

Answer 29

It would be nature and probably end up in coagulation, resulting in permanent change and the function of the protein

Question 30

describe the role of nucleic acids in the body

Answer 30

Storage of genetic information and transfer through DNA or helping build proteins from amino acids with RNA

Question 31

compare and contrast dehydration, synthesis, and hydrolysis

Question 32

Explain why trans fats are considered unhealthy

Question 33

What type of test can we do to test for proteins?

Answer 33

biuret reagent test as it identifies peptide bonds

Question 34

what are vitamins and minerals?

Answer 34

Essential nutrients needed in small amounts

Question 35

what are vitamins?

Answer 35

Organic compounds that have carbon that act as coin enzymes and our primarily eating and tissue growth development and immunity

Question 36

What are minerals

Answer 36

Inorganic compounds that help form hormones enzymes and haemoglobin important for bone and card structures

Question 37

What are enzymes?

Answer 37

enzymes are protein molecules, that acts catalyst to increase reaction rates Typically end in ase Each enzyme has a specific shape and only combined to a particular substrate think of a lock and a key

Question 38

Where do substrate bind to the enzyme?

Answer 38

At the active site

Question 39

why do each enzyme have particular shapes and only combined to specific substrate

Answer 39

because they have particular functions and enzymes and substrates are like lock and keys, so they can only go with one and one

Question 40

what are the optimal conditions for enzyme activity?

Answer 40

Optimal temperature 36°C Optimal pH most enzymes work best at 6 to 8 pH but stomach enzymes work best at one to three pH and intestinal enzymes work best at eight pH

Question 41

what are factors affecting enzyme activity?

Answer 41

Substrate concentration, temperature and pH

Question 42

explain substrate, concentration and how it affects and activity

Answer 42

more concentration equals more collisions and enzyme activity increases until all active sites are occupied

Question 44

explain how temperature affects enzyme activity

Answer 44

Higher temperature equals more collisions too much heat equals denaturation, making enzymes not functional

Question 45

explain how pH affects and enzyme activity

Answer 45

Enzymes only work within a specific pH range too many hydrogen or hydroxide ions can change enzyme shape and function

Question 46

what is an enzyme inhibitor?

Answer 46

Stop enzymes from binding to a substrate

Question 47

What are the two different types of inhibitors?

Answer 47

Competitive inhibitor and non-competitive inhibitor

Question 48

what is a competitive inhibitor?

Answer 48

It binds to the active site of a enzyme, blocking the substrate from attaching

Question 49

what is a non-competitive inhibitor

Answer 49

The inhibitor binds away from the active site so it changes the enzymes 3-D shape making it useless

Question 50

how do enzyme inhibitors affect the body?

Answer 50

Positive positively negatively and neutrally, depending on what and where the enzyme is being inhibited

Question 51

when a protein is heated it loses all levels of organization besides its primary structure when this happens the protein is said to be

Answer 51

denatured

Question 52

Proteins differ from fats and carbohydrates in that proteins

Answer 52

contain nitrogen