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Human Physiology > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Pericardium

A

Sac that surrounds the heart

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2
Q

Intraventricular Septum

A

Septum that divides the heat

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3
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Causes blood in right atrium to be shunted away from the lungs into the left atrium

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4
Q

Ductus arteriosis

A

Blood ejected by the right ventricle is returned to the systemic circuit via ductus arteriosus

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5
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves

A

The tricuspid (right) and the bicuspid (left)

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6
Q

What do the chordae tendineae do?

A

prevent AV valves from being pushed into atria by connecting the valvue to the papillary muscles “pull on heart strings”

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7
Q

The bicuspid valve is also called the …

A

mitral valve

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8
Q

Blood flows from a region of …

A

high pressure to a region of low pressure

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9
Q

Contraction increases

A

pressure

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10
Q

Late distole

A

both sets of chambers are open and relaxed, ventricles fill passively

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11
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atrial contraction forces the small amount of reamining (20%) blood into the ventricles to fill them

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12
Q

Isovolumic ventricular contraction

A

Ventricular constraction pushes AV nodes closed (1st HB sound) but not enough to open semilunar valve, pressure keeps building (toothpaste with cap on)

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13
Q

Ventricular Ejection

A

as pressure rises the blood is ejected through the semi-lunar valve

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14
Q

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

A

as ventricles relax pressure in the ventricles falls and blood flows backwards, semilunar valve snap closed (second HB sound)

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15
Q

systole is

A

contraction

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16
Q

diastole is

A

relaxation

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17
Q

End-diastolic (relaxation) volume (EDV)

A

maximum volume of blood in the ventricles (in atrial systole)

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18
Q

End-systolic (contraction) volume (ESV)

A

volume of blood in ventricles at the end of contraction (in ventricular ejection)

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19
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped by 1 ventricle in 1 heart beat

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20
Q

How to calculate SV?

A

EDV-ESV

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21
Q

Which side has a higher pressure ?

A

the left side because it need to pump to whole body and even go against gravity to get the brain

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22
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by the blood in 1 minute

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23
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac output?

A

SV = CO/HB Sooooo CO = SV*HB

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24
Q

Where does electrical activity originate

A

in the SA node

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25
What is in the SA node
pacemaker cells
26
What do pacemaker cells do?
initiate CONDUCTION of the HB and are responsitble for the rhythm generated
27
What does the AV node and what is it's function?
electrically connects the atria to the ventricles and slows the impulse
28
What do the branched bundles do?
conduct impulses though the interventricular septum
29
What do the purkinjee fibres do?
Depolarize the contractile cells of both ventricles, depolarization spreads upwards from the apex
30
What is the analogy for the pacemaker and contractile cells?
pacemaker cells initiate the AP like a officer giving orders to the soliders (contractile cells) telling them to move
31
How does the impulse spread accross the atria
through internodal pathways and gap junctions between contractile cells
32
What does the AV node allow for?
Causes a delay in ventricular contraction to ensure the atria have ejected all their blood
33
Contraction ends when the
ventricles repolarize and relax
34
What is the electrocardiogram record?
summed electrical activity of all the cells in the heart
35
P wave
atrial depolarization
36
PQ segment
Conduction through the AV nodes and AV bundle while atrial contracts
37
Q wave
ventricular contraction at the end of the Q wave
38
R wave
ventricle depolarizes
39
S wave
atrial redepolarizes but is masked by ventricle depolarization
40
ST segment
ventricles contract
41
T wave
ventricular repolarization and ventricular relaxation
42
Sinus bradycardia
slowed HB
43
First degree AV block
distance between P & QRS wave is longer, more delay
44
3rd degree AV block
P wave completely dissociated from QRS complex
45
Left ventricular hypertrophy
is incresd QRS size
46
Atrial fibrillation
Absense of P waves and irregular ventricular rhythm
47
Pressure created by ventricular contraction is the
driving force for blood flow Why? when the semilunar valvue opens the pressure from the contraction stretches the ateried and and they expand
48
What happend when isovenricular relaxation occurs
semilunar valvues shut and precent back flow, elastic recoil of arteries send blood forward
49
What does blood pressure depend on? (2)
volume of blood contained and compliance of the vessel wall
50
What is systolic pressure?
max pressure exerted in the arteries when blood is ejected in them during systol
51
What is distolic pressure?
min pressure in arteries when blood is draining into other vessels
52
What is pulse pressure
SP - DP (120-80)
53
Why do we calculate mean arterial pressure
because pressure pulsates so we use it to represent driving pressure
54
MAP is proportional to? (2)
``` cardiac output (V) * arteriolar resistance (compliance) ****both things that determine blood pressure ```
55
What are Korotkoff sounds?
sounds created by pulsatile blood flow through compressed artery
56
How to use a Sphygmomanometer for measuring BP
cuff inflated until above 120 in pressure deflate pressure in cuff below 120, the first sound you heart is sytolic, the pressure once the korotkoff sounds stop is diastolic
57
flow does not depend on absolute pressure, it depends on a
pressure gradient
58
Flow is proportional to a pressure
gradient
59
Resistance opposes
blood flow
60
3 factors that affect resistance
1. Length of blood vessel 2. Vescosity of blood (how packed are the RBC) 3. Radius of blood vessels (1/r^4) SO! a really small change can have a huge effect on resistance
61
BP is highest in the <3 and falls consistently throughout the rest of the body, T or F????
TRUE BITCH
62
Distribution of blood to the arteries depends on...(2)
1. Number & size of arteries supplying the organ | 2. Resistance to arterioles
63
Total blood flow through all the arterioles is
cardiac output
64
flow through individual arterioles depends on
their resistance
65
When blood flow is contricted somewhere, blood flow is the ____, its just going through other ________
same; vessels
66
What happens when precapillary sphincters are consticted?
blood moves through the metarterioles
67
Exchange at the capillaries can occur in what 3 ways?
1. endothelial cells (paracellular) (at junctions or through pores) 2. through the cells (transendothelial) (transcytosis or vesicle fusion) 3. Bulk flow
68
Filtration
movement out of capillaries
69
Absorption
movement into capillaries
70
Hydrostatic pressure favours?
filtration
71
Colloid osmotic pressure favours?
absorption
72
Bulk flow
mass movement of fluid between the blood interstitial fluid
73
Baroreceptors
tonically active stetch sensitive mechanoreceptors in the walls of the carotid arteries and aorta
74
Increase BP does what to baroreceptors
increases them
75
How does the medullar respond ?
increases CP & PR
76
What would happen with a decrease in BP?
Sympathetic Neurons would kick in PSN = NO 1. Heart rate increase (epinephrine increased released onto SA node) 2. Force of contraction increases so more blood ejected 3. vasocontriction
77
What control does the PSN have over BP changes
it decreases HR
78
WHat would happen if BP increased?
1. A decrease in sympathetic output (less epinephrine release): vasodilation, decreased force of contraction, decreased HR,

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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