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Human bio > Circulatory and respiratory systems > Flashcards

Circulatory and respiratory systems Flashcards

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1
Q

how does blood flow?

A

unidirectionally

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2
Q

do humans have a closed circulatory system?

A

yes

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3
Q

Blood vessel types

A

Arteries (THICK walls, pump oxygenated blood)

Veins (thick walls, pump DEoxygenated blood)

Capillaries (very small diameter, thin walls)

Arterioles (small diameter, thin walls)
Between arteries and capillaries

Venules (small diameter, thin walls)
Between veins and capillaries

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4
Q

capillary transport: 3 exchange mechanisms

A

Movement between endothelium

Transcytosis - Proteins and macromolecules transported across endothelium

Bulk flow - Pores allow fluids/salts to flow through due to osmotic pressure

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5
Q

single or double circulatory system?

A

double - heart divided into right and left

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6
Q

where does the aorta lead and what does it deliver?

A

left ventricle to body

oxygenated blood

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7
Q

where does the pulmonary vein lead and what does it deliver?

A

lungs to left atrium

oxygenated blood

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8
Q

where does the pulmonary artery lead and what does it deliver?

A

right ventricle to lungs

deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

what type of blood in left side of heart?

A

oxygenated

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10
Q

what type of blood in right side of heart?

A

deoxygenated

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11
Q

where does the superior vena cava lead and what does it deliver?

A

deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium

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12
Q

where does the inferior vena cava lead and what does it deliver?

A

deoxygenated blood from lower body to right atrium

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13
Q

what is pulmonary in relation to?

A

lungs

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14
Q

what/what is systemic circulation?

A

to and from the body

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15
Q

what is blood?

A

Connective tissue made up of cellular elements, suspended in a fluid matrix (plasma)

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16
Q

blood composition

A

92% Water
7% Protein
1% Dissolved organic molecules
(Amino acids, glucose, proteins, lipids, nitrogenous waste)

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17
Q

Erythropoiesis definition

A

RBC production

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18
Q

what controls erythropoiesis

A

glycoprotein erythropoietin (EPO) + some cytokines produced by the kidneys

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19
Q

what triggers EPO release?

A

hypoxia (inadequate oxygen)

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20
Q

what is EPO?

A

glycoprotein erythropoietin which controls erhthropoiesis (RBC production)

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21
Q

heart valves function

A

prevent backflow and promote unidirectional blood flow

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22
Q

what are the 4 main valves?
[hint: BATS wings look like valves]

A

Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Semilunar
Aortic

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23
Q

tricuspid valve

A

(3 leaflets) valves prevent backflow of blood between right atrium and right ventricle

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24
Q

bicuspid valve

A

(2 leaflets) valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

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25
semilunar valve [hint: think LUNar for lungs]
separates pulmonary arteries from right ventricle
26
aortic valve
separates the left ventricle and the aorta
27
what triggers heart contractions
electrical signals produced by specialised heart cells (autorhythmic cells that depolarise the membrane, detected on ECG)
28
2 mechanical processes of heart contrations
alternation between systole and diastole
29
what is systole [hint: SYSters are tense (contract)]
contraction
30
what is diastole [hint: people who are DIe-ing (diastole) are relaxed]
relaxation
31
steps of heart contractions
1. late diastole 2. atrial systole 3. isovolumic ventricular contraction 4. ventricular ejection 5. isovolumic ventricular relaxation
32
what occurs in late diastole?
Both sets of chambers are relaxed Ventricles fill passively
33
what occurs in atrial systole?
Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into ventricles
34
what occurs in isovolumic ventricular contraction
First phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not generate enough pressure to open semilunar valves
35
what occurs in ventricular ejection
Rising ventricular pressure is greater than arterial pressure, which causes semilunar valves to open and blood is ejected
36
what occurs in isovolumic ventricular relaxation
Relaxation of ventricles causes a fall in ventricular pressure, resulting in blood flowing back into cusps of the semilunar valves and snapping the valves closed.
37
what are purkinje fibers
Specialized, rapidly conducting fibers that coordinate ventricular contractions, ensuring a consistent heart rhythm and efficient blood circulation
38
blood pressure in arteries during diastole
Arteries contract and force blood towards arterioles and capillaries during diastole to increase blood pressure in arteries so that it is greater than in arterioles
39
blood pressure in arteries during systole
Arteries relax and allow blood to flow towards arterioles and capillaries during systole to decrease blood pressure in arteries
40
direction of blood flow (pressure-wise)
Blood (fluid) flows from an area of high to low pressure
41
pressure in arteries vs veins
Arterial system is under high pressure Venous system is under low pressure
42
blood pressure numbers
First number (eg. 120 mmHg) is the systolic pressure (pressure in the arteries when the heart has contracted) Second number (eg. 80 mm Hg) is the diastolic pressure (pressure in the arteries when the heart is fully relaxed)
43
Postural hypertension
Standing causes blood to “pool” in our feet Contracted leg skeletal muscle causes veins to become constricted. Since venous valves are closed to prevent backflow of blood, the blood has no way of getting back If not enough blood is returning to the heart we faint to “rectify” the problem
44
cardiac output equation
CO = SV x HR Cardiac output (L/min) = stroke volume (mL/beat) x heart rate (total amount of blood pumped in relation to time in bpm)
45
lymphatic system functions (3)
Return filtered fluid to circulatory system Fat reabsorption from gut into circulation Destroy foreign pathogens
46
respiratory system anatomical process
Nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx (including vocal cords) → tracheae → lungs (bronchi → bronchiole → alveoli)
47
pharynx is common to:
respiratory and digestive system
48
parts of lungs that air goes through after trachea
bronchi → bronchiole → alveoli
49
what controls air flow in response to stimuli such as exercise?
Smooth muscle cells surrounding the bronchiole
50
moisture requirement for lower respiratory system (trachea and below)
must be moist – dry air is an irritant
51
partial pressure
a gas in a mixture of gases exerts partial pressure
52
partial pressure of a certain gas
Partial pressure of a certain gas = total atmospheres (mmHg) x percentage
53
alveoli function
many, high SA, thin membranes Allows O2 to rapidly diffuse across the membrane into the surrounding capillaries for dispersal around the body
54
inspiration definition
breathing in
55
inspiration is positive or negative pressure breathing?
negative Pressure must be lower in the lungs to move O2 from the atmosphere into our lungs We do this by increasing lung volume air is pulled in
56
what happens for inspiration to occur?
expansion of the chest wall by muscle contraction Diaphragm contracts and flattens Lungs expand when our chest contracts
57
why do our lungs expand when our chest contracts?
A double membrane surrounds the lungs One side adheres to the outside of the lung, the other to the wall of the thoracic cavity (ribs) Filled with fluid that creates surface tension Easily stuck, but not easily pulled apart
58
expiration definition
breathing out
59
is expiration passive or active?
passive - no muscle contraction required. Diaphragm and rib cage relax, reducing thoraic cavity volume and driving air out of the lungs
60
minimum/residual lung volume (maximal deflation)
1.2L
61
normal lung volume range with quiet breathing
2.2L (after expiration) – 2.7L (after inspiration)
62
Maximum lung volume/capacity
5.7L
63
oxygen transport in bloodstream
98% transported around the body bound to haemoglobin within red blood cells Each haemoglobin molecule can carry 4 molecules of O2 2% dissolved in plasma
64
oxygen saturation
If all binding sites on haemoglobin are occupied, the blood is 100% saturated At normal PO2 levels, haemoglobin is 98% saturated
65
CO2 transport in bloodstream (3 ways)
93% within red blood cells, but via two separate mechanisms: 23% bound to haemoglobin 70% converted to bicarbonate 7% dissolved in plasma CO2/HCO3- buffer system → HCO3- is dissolved in plasma
66
what enzyme catalyses plasma CO2/HCO3- buffer system
carbonic anhydrase
67
what is hypoxia?
insufficiency of oxygen
68
Types of hypoxia (4)
hypoxic anemic ischemic histotoxic
69
Hypoxic hypoxia definition and cause
Definition: Low arterial PO2 Caused by: high altitude; alveolar hypoventilation; decreased lung diffusion capacity; abnormal ventilation-perfusion ratio
70
anemic hypoxia definition and cause
Definition: Decreased total amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin Caused by: blood loss; anemia (low [Hb] or altered HbO2 binding); carbon monoxide poisoning
71
ischemic hypoxia definition and cause
Definition: Reduced blood flow Caused by: heart failure (whole-body hypoxia); shock (peripheral hypoxia); thrombosis (hypoxia in a single organ)
72
histotoxic hypoxia definition and cause [hint: toxic - poison]
Definition: Failure of cells to use oxygen as cells have been poisoned Caused by: cyanide and other metabolic poisons
73
what is hypercapnia?
excess of CO2
74
categories of respiratory dysfunction
obstructive and restrictive
75
Pneumothorax (AKA collapsed lung) cause and impact
Cause: rupture of the sealed pleural cavity allows air to flow in between the lung membrane and ribs, resulting in the lung collapsing to its unstretched size No longer a difference between internal and external pressure - no air flow in/out
76
sneezing
Receptors in nose send signal to brain to close off mouth Forces air out of lungs through nose to expel irritants (eg. pathogens, dust)
77
coughing
Receptors in respiratory tract send signal to brain to close off glottis and vocal cords Builds pressure in lungs where it is then forced out when muscles contract
78
hiccups
Trigger leads to involuntary contraction of the diaphragm This closes off vocal cords briefly, causing air to “bounce” off them, creating the ‘hic’ sound

Human bio (9 decks)

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