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Circulatory disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a diastole?

A

the relaxation phase of the heart beat

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2
Q

what is a systole?

A

the contraction phase of the heartbeat

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3
Q

what is endocarditis?

A
  • infection of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart)
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4
Q

what is endocardiosis?

A

myxomatous degeneration of the valves - mainly involving left atrio-ventricular valves

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5
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

condition where pericardium becomes inflamed
- leads to pericardial effusion where there is too much fluid/swelling and causes heart to swell further

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6
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A

ventricles lose ability to fill effectively due to high levels of pressure from fluid around the heart

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7
Q

what is cardiomyopathy?

A

disease of the heart muscle

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8
Q

what is endocarditis caused by?

A

bacteria entering the blood and travelling to the heart

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9
Q

what are some clinical signs of endocarditis?

A

weight loss and lethargy

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10
Q

how do you diagnose endocarditis and endocardiosis?

A
  • blood tests
  • chest x-rays
  • ECG
  • echocardiography
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11
Q

what does mitral insufficiency cause?

A

a back flow of blood and increased effect by the heart which leads to left ventricle hypertrophy

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12
Q

what are some clinical signs of endocardiosis?

A
  • heart murmur
  • coughing
  • ascites
  • lethargy
  • weakness
  • tachy/dysnoea
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13
Q

what side heart failure does pericarditis lead to?

A

right

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14
Q

what are some causes of pericarditis?

A
  • idiopathic
  • tumour
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15
Q

what is pericardial effusion?

A

abnormal fluid accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac

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16
Q

what are some symptoms of pericarditis?

A
  • anorexia
  • lethargy
  • ascites
  • dyspnoea
  • muffled heart sounds
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17
Q

what sided heart failure does cardiac tamponade result in?

A

right

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18
Q

what does dilated cardiomyopathy cause?

A
  • enlargement/stretching and thinning of the chambers of the heart
  • poor contracting (poor systolic function)
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19
Q

what does dilated cardiomyopathy cause?

A

congestion and heart failure

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20
Q

what are some clinical signs of dilated cardiomyopathy?

A
  • left sided heart failure
  • murmurs
  • arrhythmias
  • sudden death
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21
Q

What does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cause?

A

thickening of the chambers

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22
Q

what does hypertrophic cardiomyopathy lead to?

A

reduced cardiac output

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23
Q

what are some clinical signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • tachycardia
  • dyspnoea
  • lethargy
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24
Q

what is a diurectic?

A
  • drugs that stimulate the kidneys to remove excess fluid from the body
  • furosemide
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25
what is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor?
- work by lowering blood pressure and reducing the after-load or resistance to blood flowing our of the heart - benazepril
26
what is a cardiac glycosides?
- improve heart function - slow heart rate - strengthen heart contraction
27
what is a vasodilator?
dilate the arteries or veins so that the heart does not have to work as hard to pump blood
28
what is a bronchodilator?
open the airways to support breathing
29
what is pimobendan?
lowers pressure in the arteries and veins and improves the heart muscle strength which increases blood flow to the body
30
what. are the two classes of anti-arrhythmic drugs?
- beta blockers - calcium channel blockers
31
what is PDA?
- patent ductus arteriosus - a heart defect that occurs when the ductus arteriosus fails to close down at birth
32
how does the PDA work?
- blood will flow from aorta to PDA into pulmonary artery - pulmonary artery recirculates the blood back to the lungs - less blood being pumped into main circulation, the left side of the heart is forced to work harder to meet needs of the body
33
how does size of the PDA defect and heart compare to eachother?
the bigger the PDA defect, the larger the heart will grow
34
what are some clinical signs of a PDA?
- difficulty breathing - large heart murmur - abnormal pulses - exercise intolerance
35
what is a PRAA?
- persistent right aortic arch - type of vascular ring anomaly in dogs - results from the failure of a foetal vessel to regress as the neonate develops
36
what happens when a puppy with PRAA has solid food?
the stricture around the oesophagus causes oesophageal dilation leading to regurgitation as the puppy transitions to solid food
37
what are the medical and surgical treatment of a PRAA?
- medical - feeding tube nutrition - surgical - vessel ligation
38
what is a VSD?
- ventricular septal defect - hole between ventricles where oxygenated blood is being recirculated - common congenital defect
39
what will surgical closure of a VSD require?
surgical closure needs a cardiopulmonary bypass
40
what is congestive heart failure?
occurs when the heart is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood back to the body
41
what does the inability of the heart to achieve an adequate output result in?
- inadequate supply of oxygen to cells - pooling of fluid in. the vascular bed
42
what does right sided congestive heart failure result in?
ascites
43
what does left sided congestive heart failure result in?
pulmonary oedema
44
what are some clinical signs of CHF?
- exercise intolerance - cough - tachycardia - pale mm/cyanosis
45
what are some treatment options for CHF?
- medication - exercise restriction - drainage of pleural or peritoneal effusions - increase environmental oxygen
46
what is aortic thromboembolism?
- where a thrombus (blood clot) leaves the heart and lodges in the caudal aorta, obstructing blood flow to the hind limbs - acute onset of unilateral/bilateral paresis/ paralysis of the hind limbs
47
what are some clinical signs of an aortic thromboembolism?
- vocalisation - cold limbs - dyspnoea - lack of arterial pulse
48
what should blood clots be treated with?
- antithrombotic - pain relief - vasodilators
49
what is atrial fibrillation?
- dysrhythmia affecting the atria causing them to fibrillate - no P wave - irregularly irregular QRS wave
50
what is a ventricular premature contraction?
- ventricle prematurely contracts - inverted P wave usually after QRS - wide QRS wave
51
what is a heart block?
- AV block - abnormal electrical conduction from atria to ventricle
52
what is a first degree AV block?
- least severe - electrical signals slow down as they move from the atria to the ventricles
53
what is a second degree block?
- electrical signals between atria and ventricles can intermittently fail to conduct - two types
54
what are the two types of second degree block?
- mobitz type 1 - mobitz type 2
55
what is the mobitz type 1 block?
electrical signals get slower and slower between beats and eventually the heart skips a beat
56
what is the mobitz type 2 block?
- signals sometimes get to the ventricles but sometimes they dont, - no slowing
57
what is a third degree block?
- electrical signals do not go from the atria to the ventricles - complete failure of electrical conduction - no pulse/slow pulse
58
what is sinus bradycardia?
a regular sinus rhythm that is slower than expected for the given species and the situation they are in
59
what is sinus tachycardia?
a regular sinus rhythm at a faster rate than normal but generally appropriate for the situation the animal is in - stress and exercise
60
what is an atrial standstill?
abnormal heart rhythm characterised by a lack of P waves
61
what is acute heart failure?
- heart unable to pump enough blood to meet metabolic demands
62
what are some treatment methods for acute heart failure?
- oxygen therapy - cardiac massage - drug therapy - fluid therapy
63
what is anaemia?
a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or quantity of haemoglobin
64
what is erythrocytosis?
increased number of red blood cells
65
what is leucocytosis?
increased number of white blood cells
66
what is leucopenia?
reduced number of white blood cells
67
what is thrombocytopenia?
reduced number of platelets
68
what is lymphocytosis?
increased number of lymphocytes
69
what is neutropenia?
reduced number of neutrophils
70
what is neutrophilia?
increased number of neutrophils
71
what is leukaemias?
distorted proliferation and development of leucocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow
72
what does haemoglobin do?
- special protein - helps carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs to be exhaled
73
where does red blood cell and platelet production happen in young animals?
liver and spleen
74
where does red blood cell and platelet production happen in adult animals?
bone marrow
75
where are white blood cells produced?
- liver - spleen - lymph nodes - thymus (young animals)
76
what are the two types of anaemia?
- regenerative - non-regenerative
77
what is regenerative anaemia?
stimulation and production of RBC is normal, reticulocytes present in blood
78
what is non-regenerative anaemia?
either no erythropoetin or incapacity of bone marrow to respond so no reticulocytes present
79
what are some clinical signs of anaemia?
- pale MM - prolonged CRT - tachycardia - tachypnoea - lethargy - petechiation
80
how do you diagnose anaemia?
- clinical exam - haematology - biochem - in saline agglutination test - coags
81
what is haemolytic anaemia?
- underlying cause
82
what is haemorrhagic anaemia?
- trauma - clotting disorders - HGE - severe ectoparasite infection
83
what are some clinical signs of thrombocytopenia?
- bruising - petechiae - oral and nose bleeds - anaemia - excessive bleeding
84
what are some causes of thrombocytopenia?
- primary immune-mediated - secondary immune-mediated - consumption - bone marrow suppression
85
what is required by the liver to produce clotting factors?
vitamin K
86
what is primary aggregation?
when the blood vessel is damaged, platelets clump together
87
what is secondary aggregation?
the clumped platelets release chemicals, which induce further platelet aggregation
88
what is blood coagulation?
when fibrin is formed from fibrinogen
89
what are some primary clotting disorders?
- von willebrand factor deficiency - platelet defect - haemophilia - blood vessel defect
90
what are some secondary clotting disorders?
- decreased level of clotting factors - decreased production of clotting factors - increased consumption of clotting factors
91
what are some clinical signs of clotting disorders?
- haemorrhages in the skin (petechial) - bleeding into body cavities - anaemia
92
what is a way of diagnosing clotting disorders?
buccal mucosal bleeding time
93
what is the normal clotting time for dogs and cats?
- dogs - 1.7-4.2 minutes - cats - 1.4-2.4 minutes
94
when should you do a blood transfusion for cats and dogs?
- cats - below 15% - dogs - below 20%
95
what is a lymphoma?
- cancer of the lymphoid tissue
96
what are some clinical signs of a lymphoma?
- enlarged lymphnodes - weight loss - anorexia - v+/d+
97
what are some clinical signs of leukaemia?
- poor appetite - nausea - diarrhoea - weight loss
98
what happens during ALL?
acute lymphocytic leukaemia involves the obliteration of the bone marrow by immature lymphocytes called lymphoblasts
99
what is epistaxis?
- nosebleed - investigations such as clotting tests, swabs, rhinoscopy

VN07 (14 decks)

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