Circulatory disorders Flashcards by Hayley Lewis

In the healthy heart where does de-ogygenated blood enter first?

The right atrium via the cranial and caudal vena cavae

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What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

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Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

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Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

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What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Bicuspid or mitral valve

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what is the definition of heart failure?

Circulatory failure where the heart is unable to maintain an adequate circulation for the rest of the body

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What are the clinical signs of acute heart failure?

The animal presents in cardiogenic shock. 
Collapsed
Pale MMS 
Slow CRT
Weak femoral pulses

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What would be the appropriate first aid treatment for an animal with acute heart failure?

Reduce dress levels
administer oxygen in a stress free manner
Keep as quiet as possible - cage rest or sit with them
monitor core temperature and cool/warm if necessary

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What might show that first aid treatment of acute heart failure is successful?

respiration rate should drop

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On an animal with acute heart failure how might the vet administer glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)?

to the inside of the ear

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What would left sided heart failure lead to?

a build up of blood within the lungs - pulmonary oedema

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What might the symptoms of left sided heart failure be?

Couching 
Dyspnoes and tachypnoea
murmurs and dysrhythmias 
exercise intolerance and lethargy 
sometimes cyanosis in severe cases

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What would right sided heart failure lead to?

increased blood pressure in the systemic circulation leading to fluid being forced out of the blood vessels around the body, especially in the abdomen

Ascites

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What are the main symptoms of right sided heart failure?

Ascites 
Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly 
exercise intolerance 
fatigue and lethargy 
Pale mms 
tachycardia
weak femoral pulses 
dyspnoea and tachypnoea
cyanosis 
murmurs and dysrhymias

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What management plan should be put in place to maintain QOL in chronic heart failure patients?

regular small amounts of exercise 
achieve a healthy BCS
Palatable diet low in salt
Healthy treats 
monitor electrolytes 
drug therapy

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What type of drugs might be used in a patient with chronic heart failure?

diuretics to reduce fluid build up

cardiac drugs that reduce blood pressure and increase sodium excretion, or increase contractility

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What might a vet use to diagnose heart failure?

Auscultation 
ECG
Doppler ultrasound with colour flow 
right later and and DV radiographs 
Blood tests - biochem (urea/crea) and electrolytes

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What is congenital heart failure?

a defect that the animal is born with

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What is the term for heart failure that develops later in life?

acquired heart defects

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What is Patent ductus arteriosus?

The connection between the systemics and pulmonary circulations does not close at birth, which leads to blood being shunted from the aorta into the pulmonary artery which then overloads the lungs

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How can patent ductus arteriosus be detected?

by a loud machinery-type murmur at first vaccination

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What is the treatment for patent ductus arteriosus?

surgical closure of the defect

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What is the most common congenital heart defect?

Patent ductus arteriosus

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What condition might be detected by a loud machinery-type heart murmur

Patent ductus arteriosus

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What is the name of the heart defect that causes a link between the pulmonary and systemic circulations?

Patent ductus arteriosus

What is Aortic stenosis?

narrowing of the aorta

What can result from Aortic stenosis?

the heart muscle thickens as it has to work harder

How can aortic stenosis be detected?

audible heart murmur

What is the treatment for aortic stenosis?

symptomatic treatment - no surgery

What is Pulmonic stenosis?

narrowing of the pulmonary artery

What are the symptoms of pulmonic stenosis?

audible heart murmur | hypertrophy of the heart muscle

What is the treatment for pulmonic stenosis?

Surgical treatment available - Balloon valvuloplasy

What is Valve dysplasia?

congenitally malformed tricuspid or bicuspid valves leading to left or right sided heart failure (in some rare cases both side may be affected)

What happens in the heart of a patient with valve dysplasia?

as the heart contracts, blood regurgitates into the atria, and they enlarge

What is a septal defect?

"holes in the heart" | Connecting holes between the atria or ventricles

What animal are septal defects most common in?

Cats

What is tetralogy of Fallot?

``` A combination of 4 heart defects most commonly: Ventricular septal defect pulmonic stenosis compensatory right sides hypertrophy an overriding aorta ```

What is Persistent right aortic arch?

The aortic arch is wrapped around the oesophagus

What is another name for persistent right aortic arch?

Vascular ring anomaly

What are the symptoms of persistent right aortic arch?

Underweight pups who are very hungry but will regurgitate any solid pieces of food

How can persistent right aortic arch be diagnosed?

barium swallow radiography will highlight a structure in the oesophagus and usually a dilation just cranial to it

What is the treatment for persistent right aortic arch?

surgery to clamp and tie the aortic arch

What are the side effects of surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch?

the animal may have megaoespphagus permanently

What is mitral valve endocardiosis?

Progressive thickening of valves leads to back flow and turbulent blood flow tricuspid valve can be affected but it is usually the mitral vale

What are the symptoms of mitral valve endocardiosis?

Exercise intolerance, pulmonary oedema, cough murmurs

What animal is mitral valve endocardiosis most common in?

Dogs Small breeds most commonly affected Cavalier king Charles spaniel

What is endocarditis?

Inflammation of the endocardium - including the valves

What is endocarditis caused by?

bacterial infection

What are the sights of endocarditis?

``` Pyrexia fever shifting lameness anorexia heart murmur ```

How can endocarditis be diagnosed?

Blood culture right lateral and DV Radiographs ECG Doppler ultrasound

What is the treatment for endocarditis?

Antibiotics

What is Myocardial disease?

Diseases of the myocardium that produces cardiac dysfunction

What species is Myocardial disease most common in?

Cats

What breeds of dog are more likely to suffer from myocardial disease?

large and giant breeds

What would be symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy be?

dyspnoea tachypnoea heart murmur aortic thromboembolism

how can hypertrophic cardiomyopathy be diagnosed?

``` right lateral and DV X-rays ECG blood pressure measurement ultrasound of heart including flow directions clotting profile biochemistry and haematology ```

What is the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

aimed at improving cardiac relaxation and slowing the heart rate calcium channel blockers and beta blockers

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

All the heart chambers dilate and the wall thin and lose power to pump blood efficiently

What can dilated cardiomyopathy in cats be related to?

taurine deficiency

What breeds are more prone to dilated cardiomyopathy?

``` Dobermanns Great Danes Boxers Irish wolfhounds Newfoundlands ```

What is an arrhythmia?

A disturbance in the electrical activity of the heart

What can arrhythmias be caused by?

heart disease or systemic cause like addisons disease

What are the symptoms of arrhythmias?

collapse weakness exercise intolerance

What can be used to diagnose arrhythmias?

bloods especially electrolytes ECG radiographs ultrasound

What is pericardial disease?

Effusion into the pericardial sac

What is the most common cause of pericardial diseasE?

heart base tumours

What are the signs of pericardial disease?

``` tachycardia hypovolaemic shock dyspnoea pale MMs muffled heart sounds ```

What is the treatment for pericardial disease?

draining provides immediate relief as long as it doesn't bleed again

What is infectious cardia disease?

heartworm - dirofilaria immitis

What life stage of heart worm lives in the heart?

Adult

What is the latin term for heart worm?

Dirofilaria immitis

Circulatory disorders Flashcards

(71 cards)