Circulatory Disturbances

Question 1

Functions of ADP in primary hemostasis

Answer 1

1) attracts platelets

2) exposes 2b-3a receptor complex

Question 2

Functions of Thromboxane A2 in primary hemostasis?

Answer 2

promotes

1) platelet aggregation
2) platelet degraulation
3) vasoconstriction

Question 3

Two important regulators of secondary hemostasis

Answer 3

Tissue factor (Factor III)
Thrombin (Factor II)

Question 4

Which pathway is activated by Tissue factor (Factor III)

Answer 4

Extrinsic

Question 5

converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble strands of fibrin

Answer 5

Thrombin

Question 6

This substance is release from endothelial cells and catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

Answer 6

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

Question 7

Also expressed on endothelial cells, this molecule is an important cofactor for active thrombin;

Answer 7

Thrombomodulin

Question 8

Two important proteins activated by the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex

Answer 8

Protein C

Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)

Question 9

This protein is essential for control of coagulation because it inactivates factors V and VIII

Answer 9

Protein C

Question 10

This important molecule, activated by thrombin, down-regulates fibrinolysis by removing the binding sites on fibrin that are important for plasminogen activation

Answer 10

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)

Question 11

3 important factors released by endothelial cells to prevent platelets from adhering when not damaged

Answer 11

Nitric oxide

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Adenosin diphosphatase

Question 12

This specific FDP can be used to diagnose thrombotic events and DIC

Answer 12

D-dimer

Question 13

vWF binds to subendothelial collagen and expresses what receptor to bind platelets?

Answer 13

1b-9-5

Question 14

The principal inhibitor of tPA and urokinase

Answer 14

Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)

Question 15

tPA & urokinase are important activators of

Answer 15

Plasminogen (they activate fibrinolysis)

Question 16

two important platelet membrane receptors; what they bind

Answer 16

2b-3a–>binds fibrinogen (aggregation)

1b-9-5–>binds vWF (adhesion)

Question 17

3 important contents of platelet alpha granules

Answer 17

Fibrinogen, fibronectin, factor V

Question 18

Overall goal of the coagulation system

Answer 18

activate thrombin

Question 19

Vitamin K dependent factors

Answer 19

II, VII, IX, X

Question 20

Which coag factor cross-links and stablizes fibrin?

Answer 20

Factor XIII

Question 21

Which coag pathway is able to more rapidly generate factor X

Answer 21

Extrinsic (tissue factor pathway)

Question 22

This anti-coagulant protein reversibly inhibits the EXTRINSIC pathway

Answer 22

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI)

Question 23

Which pathway is needed for sustained generation of factor X; why?

Answer 23

Intrinsic pathway

less susceptible to inhibition

Question 24

Excessive tissue factor release (i.e. lots of endothelial damage) can trigger?

Answer 24

Hypercoagulation and DIC

Question 25

Which factors are part of the prothrombinase complex?

Answer 25

Factors X & V

Question 26

Function of the prothrombinase complex?

Answer 26

catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Question 27

Most common coagulopathy associated with snake venom

Answer 27

venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (toxins activate the coag pathway)

Question 28

Two common reasons for deficiency in Proteins C & S

Answer 28

1) acquired deficiency in horses with colic | 2) DIC (dogs)

Question 29

the most important serine protease inhibitor that's activated by heparin-like molecules on endothelial cells

Answer 29

Antithrombin 3

Question 30

The 3 things that AT3 inhibits

Answer 30

activity of thrombin Factor IX Factor X

Question 31

Heparin-like molecules are expressed on _______ endothelial cells

Answer 31

healthy

Question 32

Most common activator of plasminogen

Answer 32

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

Question 33

Mutated factor V is resistant to?

Answer 33

actions of Protein C (means factor V can't be turned off properly)

Question 34

How can vitamin C deficiency lead to hemorrhage?

Answer 34

vitamin C is a cofactor for enzymes that help produce collage-->weaker capillaries

Question 35

Passive process caused by reduced outflow of blood from a tissue

Answer 35

congestion

Question 36

3 factors that play a role in thrombus formation (Virchow's triad)

Answer 36

1) endothelial damage 2) alteration of normal blood flow 3) hypercoaguability

Question 37

How can you differentiate a thrombus from a post-mortem clot?

Answer 37

post-mortem clots are NOT ADHERED to the vessel wall

Question 38

3 distinguishing characteristics of arterial thrombi?

Answer 38

1) extend downstream from point of attachment 2) firmly attached to vessel wall 3) contain lines of zhan

Question 39

3 distinguishing characteristics of venous thrombi?

Answer 39

1) extend upstream from point of attachment 2) loosely attached to vessel wall 3) molded to vessel lumen

Question 40

Major cause of arterial thrombosis?

Answer 40

atherosclerosis

Question 41

4 fates of a thrombus

Answer 41

propagation embolization dissolution organization

Question 42

A pulmonary thromboembolism: 1) where do they usually form 2) which lung lobes are most affected

Answer 42

1) in large, deep veins | 2) caudal lung lobes (receive most of the R ventricle output)

Question 43

where does the thrombus form in HCM?

Answer 43

left atria (due to stagnant blood flow)

Question 44

What type of embolism is the major concern with fractured long bones?

Answer 44

fat embolism

Question 45

In fish, an increase in the dissolved gas pressure above the ambient air pressure due to increased partial pressure of nitrogen causes

Answer 45

Gas bubble disease (air embolism in fish)

Question 46

Venous occlusions usually cause?

Answer 46

Red infarcts

Question 47

Arterial occlusions usually cause?

Answer 47

White (pale) infarcts

Question 48

Name 4 diseases associated with thrombus formation

Answer 48

Hyperadrenocorticism Diabetes Mellitus Pancreatitis Neoplasia

Question 49

Thromboembolic disease associated with hyperadrencorticism is mainly caused by deficiency of?

Answer 49

Antithrombin (via consumption)

Question 50

Fluid that passes through a NORMAL vascular wall due to imbalanced pressure forces

Answer 50

pure transudate (cell & protein poor)

Question 51

Fluid leakage from a vessel due to increased hydrostatic pressure or increased vascular permeability

Answer 51

modified transudate (moderate # of cells and protein)

Question 52

Define anasarca

Answer 52

extreme, generalized edema

Question 53

What specific glomerular fenestrations help to exclude proteins?

Answer 53

GEnC

Question 54

Which amyloidosis is most common in animals and is associated with chronic inflammation?

Answer 54

AA amyloidosis

Question 55

Lymphangiectasis

Answer 55

pathologic dilation of lymphatic vessels

Question 56

The physiologic response to shock is attempting to do what 2 things?

Answer 56

1) restore circulating volume | 2) increase BP

Question 57

Type of shock that's due to myocardial failure and inability to pump blood to tissues

Answer 57

cardiogenic shock

Question 58

Shock caused by a critical decrease in intravascular volume

Answer 58

hypovolemic shock

Question 59

Which type of shock is not mediated by cytokine release?

Answer 59

neurogenic shock

Question 60

Shock organ of cats?

Answer 60

lungs (dogs-->liver)

Question 61

What can't hypothermic cats do?

Answer 61

regulated BP