Neoplasia Material Flashcards
(71 cards)
Major cause of relapse in cancer?
Minimal residual disease
Ending given to:
1) benign EPITHELIAL tumor
2) benign CT tumor
1) papilloma or adenoma
2) -oma
Ending given to:
1) malignant epithelial tumors
2) malignant CT tumors
1) carcinoma; adenocarcinoma
2) -sarcoma
An abnormal pattern of tissue growth that can be precursor to neoplasia? Is it reversible?
Dysplasia
usually irreversible
T/F: neoplasia is almost always irreversible
True
Define:
1) Hamartoma
2) Choristoma
1) CT or epithelial cells found in their normal location but in a DISORGANIZED manner
2) ectopic rest of normal tissue (excess of tissue in an abnormal situation)
T/F: Neoplasms contain ONLY neoplastic cells
False (contain non-neoplatic cells too)
Name the theory:
1) “neoplasm arises from a lurking bad stem cell in the tissue”
2) neoplasm arises from cumulative alteration of a normal cell in a tissue
1) Cancer stem cell theory
2) Stochastic model
Name the 6 hallmarks of neoplasia
1) Sustained proliferative signaling
2) evading growth suppressors
3) activating invasion and metastasis
4) enabling replicative immortality
5) inducing angiogenesis
6) resisting cell death
Name 2 emerging hallmarks of neoplasia
1) deregulating cellular energetics
2) avoiding immune destruction
Name two enabling characteristics of neoplasia
1) Genome instability
2) tumor-promoting inflammation
Which cell types are more susceptible to developing neoplasia (at any age)?
Continously cycling & quiescent stable cells
Name 5 ways to achieve proliferative signaling
1) produce more growth factor
2) express more GF receptors
3) mutate the GF receptor
4) Ras mutation
5) mutate intracellular signaling cascade (Raf)
Describe the two hit model of tumor suppressor gene loss
Both alleles that code for the tumor suppressor gene are eliminated (1 congenital, 1 acquired; or both acquired)
Important tumor suppressor genes:
1) internal controllers of cell proliferation
2) contact inhibition of cell proliferation
1) RB, P53
2) NF2, APC
Over expression of this anti-apoptotic protein can lead to the development of neoplasms
Bcl-2
How do cancer cells achieve replicative immortality?
counter telomere erosion
Name 2 mechanisms by which cancer cells counter telomere erosion
1) upregulate telomerase (makes telomere longer)
2) Alternative lengthening telomere (ALT)
A cancer drug that targets VEGF would be useful for preventing what hallmark of neoplasia?
Angiogenesis
High levels of this protein are the reason newly formed vessels are unstable, leaky, and have abnormal function
Angiopoietin 2
AP1 promotes maturation
When epithelial cell metastasize, what is the first feature they lose to be able to do so?
Cell-to-cell adhesion
Cells must have what ability in order to be able to invade?
Motility
Describe the role of Stathmin in metasasis
Stathmin regulates microtubule dynamics in the cell; when mutated, it loses its ability to stabilize the tubules in the presence of ECM–>cell becomes rounded and gains amoeboid-like motility
T/F: Metastasis is a random process
False (seed & soil)
certain cancers have preferential sites of metastasis
