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MCAT BIO > Circulatory/lymphatic/ immune System > Flashcards

Circulatory/lymphatic/ immune System Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Perfusion

A

flow of blood through a tissue

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2
Q

Ischemia

A

inadequate blood flow => resulting in tissue damage

worse than hypoxia

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3
Q

Hypoxia

A

adequate blood flow but reduced oxygen supply

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4
Q

Blood flow in heart

A

vena cava -> right atrium -> triscuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> bicuspid (mitral) valve) -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta

Aorta -> artery -> arteriole -> capillaries -> venule -> vein -> vena cava

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5
Q

Arterioles

A

smooth muscle

hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure => water leaves the blood

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6
Q

Venules

A

lack muscular wall

osmotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure => water enters system

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7
Q

Capillaries

A

thin wall

exchange of material between blood and tissue

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8
Q

Vasodilation/Vasoconstriction caused by secretion of ___

A

substances like nitric oxide and endothelin => regulate vessel diameter

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9
Q

Angiogenesis inhibitor

A

restrict blood flow to tumors

help reduce/halt their growth

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10
Q

Thrombosis

A

blood clotting

inhibit coagulation cascade => preventing formation of life-threatening clots in undamaged/unbroken vessels

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11
Q

Angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

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12
Q

Hepatic portal system

A

blood from intestine (capillaries) -> veins -> liver capillaries

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13
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

A

blood from hypothalamus capillaries -> veins -> pituitary capillaries

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14
Q

Atrium

A

“waiting rooms”
0 mm Hg
right/left atrium
thinner muscular walls

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15
Q

Coronary sinus

A 
Heart muscular organ requires blood supply
coronary veins (w/deoxygenated blood) merges with coronary sinus 
--> blood emptied directly into right atrium
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16
Q

Coronary arteries

A

carries oxygenated blood into the heart wall

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17
Q

Coronary veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood out of the heart wall

merges with coronary sinus

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18
Q

Diastole

A

ventricles are relaxed

atria contract

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19
Q

Systole

A

ventricles contract
beginning of “lub” and ending at “dub”
shorter than diastole

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20
Q

Ejection fraction

A

fraction of blood normally ejected from the ventricle

2/3

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21
Q

“Lub”

A 
Atrioventricular Valves (AV) close 
at the beginning of systole
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22
Q

“Dub”

A

semilunar valves close

at the end of systole

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23
Q

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

A

valves between the atriums and the ventricles

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24
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

CO = SV x HR

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25
____ amount of blood must pass through both sides of the heart to prevent back flow
same
26
Frank Starling mechanism
more blood in = more blood out
27
2 ways to increase venous return:
1. increase total blood volume in the circulatory system | 2. contraction of large veins can propel blood toward the heart
28
Cardiac muscle cells
communicate via gap junctions - found in intercalated disks use electric synapse only membrane depolarization last longer (plateau due to Ca++ influx) rmp = -90 mV
29
Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
``` pacemaker of the heart in right atrium vagus nerves acts on the SA node bilateral has the most Na+ leak channels => self-depolarization -50 mV ```
30
Parasympathetic system continually ____ depolarization of the SA node
inhibits
31
Purkinje fibers
allow impulse to spread rapidly and evenly over both ventricles
32
Heart Beat pathway
SA node -> atria (contract) -> AV node -> bundle of His -> right/left bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers -> ventricles (contract) [apex]
33
Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
borders right atrium/ventricle | slight pause of signal so there's enough time to fill ventricles
34
Ohm's law for blood flow
ΔP = Q x R ΔP - pressure gradient from arterial to venous system (mm Hg) Q - blood flow (L/min) R - resistance
35
Ways to increase blood pressure:
1. increase resistance | 2. Decrease vessel diameter (vasoconstriction)
36
Blood plasma
``` ~54% blood volume contains (dissolved in water): 1. electrolytes 2. buffers 3. sugars 4. blood proteins 5. lipoproteins 6. CO2 , O2 7. metabolic waste products ```
37
Blood proteins
most are made by the liver
38
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) produced in the bone marrow (stimulated by erythropoeitin killed by phagocytes in liver and spleen no nucleus/other organelles uses ATP made by glycolysis 120-day lifetime
39
A blood produces ___ antigen and ___ antibody
A antigen and anti-B antibody
40
Sensitization
anti-Rh antibodies develop when Rh- blood is exposed to Rh+ blood
41
Leukocytes (WBCs)
White Blood Cells (WBCs) fight infection dispose of debris roam free in the tissues
42
Macrophage
phagocytose debris and microorganisms amoeboid motility chemotaxis
43
B cells
mature into plasma cell and produces antibodies | immature B-cells derived from bone marrow
44
T cells
``` kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, reject tissue grafts control immune response produced in bone marrow mature in the thymus (during childhood) specific for a particular antigen ```
45
Neutrophil
phagocytose bacteria resulting in a pus | amoeboid motility
46
Eosinophil
destroy parasites | allergic reactions
47
Basophil
store and release histamine | allergic reactions
48
platelets
no nuclei limited lifespan derived from fragmentation of megakaryocytes (large bone marrow cells - derived from same stem cells as RBCs) aggregate at site of damage and form a platelet plug helps stop bleeding
49
Fibrin
threadlike protein that forms mesh scab = dried fibrin seals and protects the wound
50
Fibrinogen
plasma protein converted to fibrin by thrombin need Ca++ and many accessory proteins for activation
51
Thrombin
converts fibrinogen to fibrin | need Ca++ and many accessory proteins for activation
52
Thrombus
blood clot | scab circulating in the bloodstream
53
Several proteins depend on ____
Vitamin K
54
Bohr Effect
right shift O2 curve => low affinity 1. pH decreases 2. temperature increases 3. P CO2 increases 4. 2,3-BPG increases
55
O2 (gas transport)
~ 3% dissolved in plasma ~ 97% bound to hemoglobin too hydrophobic
56
CO2 (gas transport)
~ 7% dissolved in plasma ~ 20% bound to hemoglobin -important in stabilizing deoxygenated Hb in Bohr effect ~ 73% bicarbonate ion in blood -extremely water-soluble -converted using RBC enzyme carbonic anhydrase
57
Hepatic Portal vein
amino acids and glucose absorbed from digestive tract travel in the vein to the liver
58
Chylomicrons
type of lipoprotein that fats absorbed from small intestine are packaged into
59
Albumin
plasma protein that retains water in the capillaries too big to leave through the cleft in between the capillaries made in the liver
60
Oncotic pressure
osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins
61
Edema
swelling in the tissues
62
Lymphatic system
used to return fluid, WBCs, proteins from the tissues to the bloodstream lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> lymphatic ducts
63
Lymph nodes
where lymph is filtered | initiate immune response
64
Thoracic duct
largest lymphatic vessel empties into large vein near the neck lymphatic vessels from the intestines dump chylomicrons into thoracic duct
65
Innate immunity
non-specific protection simplest example: skin (physical barrier) mucus (traps debris) tears, saliva (lysozyme) phagocytic cells (macrophage, neutrophils, dendritic cells) fever/inflammation gastric pH complement proteins -> poke holes in cell membrane -> lyse cells
66
Humoral immunity
specific (adaptive) immunity by proteins | B-cells (B-lymphocytes)
67
Antibody
light/heavy chain (constant region) | variable region = responsible for specificity of antibodies
68
Hapten
small part of a larger protein that becomes the antigen
69
Ways of removing antigen from body (B-cells)
1. Opsonize - marking for macrophages/complements | 2. Form insoluble complexes (inactive antigen)
70
1st exposure to antigen --> | primary exposure
B-cells -> memory cells, plasma cells-> secrete antibodies takes ~7-10 days
71
2nd exposure to antigen --> | secondary exposure
memory cells -> plasma cells -> secrete antibodies takes ~1 day
72
antibody proteins
assembled by recombination from many segments during B cell development have different variable regions
73
Plasma cells
actively produce and secrete antibodies into the plasma
74
Memory cells
produced from same clone and have same variable regions | do not secrete antibody
75
T helpers (CD4 cells)
activate B cells, T killer cells and other cells of the immune system central controller of whole immune response releasing special hormones (lymphokines, interleukins)] only activated by antigen presented on MHC II
76
T killer cells (CD8 cells) | Cytotoxic T cells
destroy abnormal host cells: virus-infected, cancer, foreign cells secretes perforin and granzyme B to kill infected cells
77
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I
MHC I proteins found on surface of every nucleated cell in the body presents self-antigens on surface allows T cells to monitor cell activity infected cells killed by T killer cells
78
MHC II
only certain special cells have MHC II = antigen presenting cells (APCs) - B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells display foreign antigen to T-cells -> activates B cells/T killer cells
79
DiGeorge Syndrome (thymic aplasia)
T-cell deficiency | increased susceptibility to infection

MCAT BIO (11 decks)

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