Genetics Flashcards by Aslesha Tingare

Population

members that reproduce sexually with each other

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Autosomal Recessive Inheritance

skips generations

males affected = # females affected

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Autosomal Dominant Inheritance

does not skip generations

males affected # females affected

trait passed to half or all the offspring

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Mitochondrial Inheritance

maternal inheritance mother affected => all children affected

father affected => none affected

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Y-linked Inheritance

affects males only

father affected => all sons affected

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X-linked Recessive Inheritance

skips generations

males affected > # females affected

affected mother => all sons affected; affected/unaffected daughters

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X-linked Dominant Inheritance

does not skip generations

males affected > # females affected

affected father => all daughters affected

affected mother => unaffected/affected daughters/son

=> pass trait equally

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Gene Pool

sum total of all the genetic info in population

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Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

no mutations
no migration
no natural selection
random mating
large population

*frequency of allele/genotype remain constant

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Hardy-Weinberg Equations

p + q = 1

p,q - allele frequency (G, g)

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

p², q² - population gene frequency (GG, Gg, gg)

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

reached after one generation

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Natural Selection

Charles Darwin interaction between organisms and their environment that causes differential reproduction, phenotype, gene pool

*Can only act on phenotype, heritable traits (not genotype) *Can’t act on one allele to change allele frequency b/c no variability

*Cannot create new alleles; Can only alter frequency of existing alleles

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Theory of Natural Selection

heritable differences between individuals in a pop
heritable traits (alleles) produce traits (phenotypes) that affect ability to survive and reproduce
some phenotypes don’t allow for survival/reproduction
phenotypes that allow more reproduction will pass on their alleles more frequently
those alleles in 4 become more abundant
changes in allele frequency = basis of evolution

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Fitness

how successful an individual is in passing on its alleles to future generations

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Recombination

create new combination of alleles

not alter allele frequencies or create new alleles

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Mutation

create new alleles

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Non-random mating

alter allele frequencies

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Random Drift

alter allele frequencies

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Directional Selection

most individuals clustered around the average

natural selection removes those at one extreme, population average will move in the other direction over time

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Artificial Selection

humans use artificial selection to produce desired traits through controlling mating

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Divergent Selection

natural selection removes members near the average

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Stabilizing Selection

extremes of the trait are selected against, driving population closer to the average

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Sexual Selection

do not choose mates radomly

evolved elaborate rituals and physical displays in order to attract and choose a mate

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Kin Selection

natural selection does not always act on individuals

social animals share alleles with other individuals and sacrifice themselves for the sake of the alleles they share

ex. lioness sacrifices herself to save her sister’s children

Pre-zygotic

1. Ecological - different habitats 2. Temporal - different times 3. Behavioral - different courtships 4. Mechanical - incompatible reproductive structures 5. Gametic - different sperm-egg recognition system

Post-zygotic

Hybrid Inviability - offspring don't develop normally; normally die in embryonic stage Hybrid Sterility - hybrid individual is incapable of breeding

Speciation

Creation of new species

Allopatric Isolation

geographical isolation

Sympatric Speciation

species gives rise to a new species in the same geographical area such as through divergent selection

Cladogenesis

species diversifies and becomes two or more species ex. allopatric isolation

Anagenesis

biological species simply become another such that it is unable to sexually reproduce with ancestors ex. sympatric speciation

Homologous Structures

physical features shared by two different species as a result of common ancestor

Analogous Structures

serve same function in two different species, but not due to common ancestor

Convergent Evolution

two different species possess many analogous structures due to similar selective pressures

Divergent Evolution

divergent selection causes branching speciation (cladogenesis)

Parallel Evolution

situation in which two species go through similar evoluntionary changes due to similar selective pressures

Father of Taxonomy?

Carolus Linnaeus

Categories "Dumb King Philip Came Over From Germany Sunday"

1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species

Dorsal Ventral Superior (Cephalad) Inferior (Caudad)

On top (back) on bottom (stomach) towards head towards feet

Frederick Griffith

showed that cell extracts can transform bacteria R strain - not virulent S strain - virulent =\> non-virulent when heat-killed heat-killed S strain + R strain =\> virulent

Oswald Avery Colin MacLeod Maclyn McCarty

DNA was able to transform bacteria

Hershey-Chase Experiment

confirmed DNA was being transferred =\> hereditary material used radioactively labeled P³² (DNA) and S³⁵ (protein)

Chargaff

total amount of DNA in a given cell (and species) is constant

Meselson and Stahl

DNA replication is semiconservative

Mendel's Law of Segregation

two alleles are separated and passed on singly

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

alleles of one gene will separate into gametes independently of alleles for another gene

Homozygote w/same homozygote ex. GG x GG

F₁ genotype: 100% homozygous F₁ phenotype: 100% parents' phenotype

Homozygous dominant w/homozygous recessive ex. GG x gg

F₁ genotpe: 100% heterozygous F₁ phenotype: 100% dominant

Heterozygote w/homozygote ex. Gg x gg or Gg x GG

F₁ genotype: 50% heterozygote, 50% homozygote F₁ phenotype: 50% dominant, 50% homozygous (parent)

Heterogyote w/Heterozygote ex. Gg x Gg

F₁ genotype: 25% homozygous dominant 50% heterozygous 25% homozygous recessive F₁ phenotype: 75% dominant 25% recessive

Rule of Multiplication Rule of Addition

Probability of Event A and B = prob A x prob B Probability of Event A or B = prob A + prob B

Incomplete Dominance

blended mix red + white =\> pink

Codominance

both expressed A + B =\> AB (blood types)

Pleiotropism

gene expression alters many different, seemingly unrelatedaspects of an organisms' body ex. mutation in a gene may cause altered development of heart, bone, and inner ears

Polygenism

complex traits influenced by many different genes ex. height, weight

Penetrance

likelihood that a given genotype will express the expected phenotype

Epistasis

expression of alleles for one gene is dependent on a different gene

Linkage

failure to display independent assortment ex. 9:3:3:1 not seen

Recombination Frequency

RF = number of recombinants / total number of offspring