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circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

mediastinum

A

middle chest

  • contains heart, its large vessels
  • esophagus
  • trachea
  • thoracic aorta
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2
Q

mediastinum bounded anteriorly by?

A

sternum and costal cartilages

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3
Q

mediastinum bounded laterally by

A

lungs

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4
Q

mediastinum bounded posteriorly by?

A

bodies of thoracic vertebrae

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5
Q

mediastinum divided into 2 parts

A
  1. superior
  2. inferior
  • separated by transverse imaginary plane passing through sternal angle anteriorly and intervertebral disc btw vertebrae TIV and TV posteriorly
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6
Q

inferior mediastinum divided into 3 parts

A
  • middle
  • anterior
  • posterior
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7
Q

anterior part of inferior mediastinum

A
  • located btw sternum and pericardium
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8
Q

middle part of inferior mediastinum

A
  • occupied by heart and surrounding membranes (pericadium)
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9
Q

posterior part of inferior mediastinum

A
  • btw pericardium and bodies of vertebrae TV to TXII
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10
Q

superior mediastinum contains:

A
  • arch of aorta and its branches
  • right and left brachiocephalic veins, inferior part of superior vena cava, and end of azygus vein
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11
Q

anterior mediastinum contains:

A
  • thymus gland
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12
Q

middle mediastinum contains:

A
  • heart and pericardium
  • ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins
  • right and left phrenic nerves
  • main bronchii
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13
Q

posterior mediastinum contains:

A
  • descending aorta, azygus, hemiazygous vein
  • right and left vagus nerve
  • sympathetic chains (trunk) and splanchnic nerve
  • thoracic duct and esophagus
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14
Q

heart

A
  • muscular conical pump located in the middle mediastinum
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15
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • right atrium receives dexoygentated blood, pass to right ventricle to lungs
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16
Q

systemic circulation

A
  • left atrium receives oxygenated blood, pass to left ventricle, to body
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17
Q

surface anatomy of heart: 4 corners

A
  1. upper left corner
  2. upper right corner
  3. lower right corner
  4. lower left corner
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18
Q

upper left corner

A
  • left 2nd intercostal space
  • 1 inch away from midline
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19
Q

upper right corner

A
  • right 3rd costal cartilage
  • 1 inch away from midline
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20
Q

lower right corner

A
  • right 6 th costal cartilage
  • 1 inch away from midline
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21
Q

lower left corner

A
  • left 5th intercostal space
  • 3-4 inches away from midline
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22
Q

external features of heart

A
  1. heart sulci
  2. heart surfaces
  3. heart borders
  4. heart base
  5. heart apex
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23
Q

heart sulci: 3 main sulci

A
  1. coronary sulcus
  2. anterior sulcus
  3. posterior sulcus
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24
Q

coronary sulcus

A
  • encircles heart
  • separate atria from ventircles
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25
anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
* located between ventircles on anterior and inferior surfaces
26
heart surfaces: 4 surfaces
* anterior (sternocostal) surface * inferior (diaphragmatic) surface * left pulmonary surface * right pulmonary surface
27
anterior (sternocostal) surface
* related to sternum and 2nd to 6th costal cartilages * consists of right ventricle and parts of right atrium and left ventricle
28
inferior (diaphragmatic) surface
* leaning on diaphragm * posterior interventricular sulcus located here * consists of left ventricle and small part of right ventricle
29
left pulmonary surface
* related to left lung * consists of left ventricle and portion of left atrium
30
right pulmonary surface
* related to right lung * consists of right atrium
31
heart borders: 4 borders
1. superior border 2. right border 3. left border 4. inferior border
32
superior border
* formed by right and left atria and auricles
33
right border
* form by right atrium
34
left border
* formed mainly by left ventricle * partly by left auricle
35
inferior border
* separates anterior surface from inferior surface * mainly formed by right ventricle * small portion of left ventricle
36
heart base
* faces posteriorly * mainly formed by left atrium * small portion of right atrium
37
heart apex
* formed by left ventircle * directed anteriorly, inferiorly and to the left
38
heart chambers: 4 chambers
1. right atrium 2. right ventricle 3. left atrium 4. left ventricle
39
right atrium
* _receives venous blood_ from SVC, IVC, coronary sinus * pectinate muscle lines anterior and extends to right auricle
40
fossa ovalis in right atrium
* impression in interatrial septum * remnant of embryonic foramen ovalis that used to connect right atrium and left atrium
41
connection btw left atrium and ventricle
* right atrioventricular opening * guarded by _tricuspid valve_
42
right ventricle
* walls of right ventricle thicker and carry _trabeculae carneae_ (muscular ridges)
43
group of trabeculae carneae
* papillary muscles * arise from walls of ventricle * insert to leaflets of tricuspid valve
44
chorda tendinae
* attaches papillary muscles to tricuspid valve
45
pulmonary artery
* arise from supeior part of right ventricle * pulmonary valve prevent blood flow back to ventricle
46
right ventricle and left ventricle separated by ?
* interventricular septum
47
left atrium
* receives oxygenated venous from right and left pulmonary veins
48
where can we find the pectinate muscle of the left atrium?
* left auricle
49
left atrium connected to the left ventricle via?
left atroventricular (bicuspid/mitral) valve
50
left ventricle
* walls of left ventricle the thickest * trabeculae carnaea * papillary muscles (2 in mumber) * chorda tendinae
51
where does aorta arise from?
* superior part of the left ventricle * has aorta valve to prevent blood from going back to left ventricle
52
pericardium
* heart surrounded by pericardial sac * composed of outer fibrous layer (fibrous pericardium) * inner serous layer (serious pericardium)
53
_fibrous pericardium_ of pericardium
* thick layer of dense connective tissue * surrounds heart * attaches to central tendon of diaphragm inferiorly * insert to greater vessels of heart superiorly
54
serous pericardium
* made of 2 layers of connective tissue specialized in secretion of serous fluid 1. parietal layer: line inner surface of fibrous pericardium 2. visceral layer (_epicardium_): attach to surface of heart
55
pericardial cavity
* narrow space between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium * filled with seroud fluid to lubricate heart surfaces to facilitate heart movements
56
conducting systems
1. Sinuatrial (SA) node 2. Atriventricular (AV) node 3. Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
57
Sinuatrial (SA) node
* heart pacemaker * located on the right atrium wall close to SVC opening
58
atrioventricular (AV) node
* located on the right side of interatrial septum * close to opening of coronary sinus
59
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
* start from atrioventricular node * enter interventricular septum and divide into right and left branches * branches give rise to Purkinje fibers that distribute into right and left ventricular walls.
60
pathway of impulse
* electrical impulse start from SA node * goes through and contracts the atrial wall * reach AV node * pass through ventricular walls via atrioventricular bundle and purkinje fibres that lead to the ventricular contraction
61
autonomic nervous system
* regulate heart rate and its contraction force
62
preganglionic sympathetic fibers
* synapse in cervical & upper thoracic paravertebral sympathetic ganglia * continue as postganglionic sympathetic fibers to contribute in formation of _cardiac plexus_
63
where does preganglionic sympathetic fibres arise?
lateral horns of T1 to T5 spinal cord segments
64
preganglionic parasympathetic fibres
* derived from vagus nerves * enter and contribute in cardiac plexus * decrease heart rate and contraction force
65
visceral afferent component of cardiac plexus associated with what nerve ?
* vagus nerve * sympathetic fibres
66
fibres associated with vagus nerve detect what?
* detect changes in blood pressure * chemical contents (O2, CO2) * cardiac reflexes
67
sympathetic fibres return to where?
* return to cervical / upper thoracic ganglia of sympathetic trunk * end in upper four or five thoracic segments of spinal cord * _conduct pain sensation_ from heart
68
arterial supply of heart
* left and right coronary arteries
69
right coronary artery
* arises: right side of ascending aorta * runs in right side of coronary sulcus * supplies right atrium and ventricle
70
posterior interventricular artery
* terminal branch of right coronary artery * runs in posterior interventricular sulcus * contributes to blood supply of posterior aspect of both ventricles
71
left coronary artery
* arise: left side of ascending aorta * gives rise to anterior interventricular artery and circumflex arteries
72
anterior interventricular artery
* runs in anterior interventricular sulcus * contributes to blood supply of anterior aspect of both ventricles
73
circumflex artery
* follows coronary sulcus to the left side of heart * supplies the left ventricle and left atrium
74
venous drainage of the heart
* 3 major cardiac veins 1. great cardiac vein 2. middle cardiac vein 3. small caridac vein * all 3 veins drain into coronary sinus
75
greater cardiac vein
* located in anterior interventricular sulcus
76
middle cardiac vein
* posterior interventricular sulcus
77
small cardiac vein
* follows right side of coronary sulcus
78
coronary sinus
* located in coronary sulcus om inferior surface of heart * draisn into right atrium
79
major arteries arising from heart
* pulmonary trunk * aorta
80
pulmonary trunk
* carry deoxygenated blood to lungs * arise from right ventricle * divide into left and right pulmonary arteries under arch of aorta
81
aorta
* carry oxygenated blood to body
82
ascending aorta
* arise from left ventricle in mediastinum * then enter superior mediastinum and arch left to form _arch of aorta_
83
descending aorta
* descends on left side of vertebral column (thoracic aorta) * passes through diaphragm * enter abdominal cavity (abdominal aorta) * at LIV divide into right and left common iliac arteries
84
branches of ascending aorta
* left and right coronary arteries
85
branches of arch of aorta
* 3 branches arise from arch of aorta from right to left 1. brachiocephalic trunk 2. left common carotid artery 3. left subclavian artery
86
brachiocephalic trunk
* 1st branch of arch of aorta on the right * divides into : 1. right common carotid artery 2. right subclavian artery
87
left common carotid artery
* second branch of arch of aorta * ascends on left side of neck * _divides into external and internal_ carotid arteries at level of superior border of thyroids cartilage * _supply head and neck_ regions
88
left subclavian artery
* third branch of arch of aorta (on the left) * passes under clavicle towards upper limb * _continue as axillary artery after passing 1st rib_
89
arteries of head and neck
* external carotid artery * internal carotid artery * subclavian artery
90
external carotid artery
* supply neck and head outside cranial cavity, 6 main branches 1. superior thyroid artery 2. lingual artery 3. facial artery 4. occipital artery 5. superficial temporal artery 6. maxillary artery
91
superior thyroid
* (external carotid branch) * supply thyroid gland and larynx
92
lingual artery
* (external carotid branch) * supply tongue
93
facial artery
* (external carotid artery) * supply face
94
occipital artery
* (external carotid artery) * supply part of scalp covering occipital bone
95
superficial temporal artery
* (external carotid artery) * terminal branch of external carotid artery * passing anterior to external ear * supply scalp on sides of cranium
96
maxillary artery
* (external carotid artery) * terminal branch of external carotid artery * supply deep part of face including nasal and orl cavities and pharynx
97
internal carotid artery
* no branches in neck * enters cranial cavity after passing through carotid canal to form cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) with veretebral artery * 3 main branches 1. opthalmic artery 2. middle cerebral artery 3. anterior cerebral artery
98
opthalmic
* (internal carotid artery) * supply contents of orbital cavity
99
middle cerebral artery
* (internal carotid artery) * supply most of lateral surface of cerebral hemispheres
100
anterior cerebral artery
* (internal carotid artery) * supply major parts of medial surface of cerebral hemispheres (except occipital lobe)
101
subclavian artery
* (internal carotid artery) * 3 main branches 1. vertebral artery 2. internal thoracic artery 3. thyrocervical trunk
102
verterbral artery
* (subclavian artery) * pass thru transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae (except CVII) * enter skull via foramen magnum * supply spinal cord, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
103
basilar artery
* formed by left and right vertebral arteries joined together * supply pons and cerebellum * (subcalvian artery --\> vertebral artery)
104
posterior cerebral arteries
* formed by basilar artery dividing * supply inferior surface of cerebral hemisphere * part of medial surface of occipital lobe
105
internal thoracic artery
* (subclavian artery branch) * descend behind costal cartilages on either sides of sternum
106
anterior intercostal arteries
* at _level of each intercostal space_ * (subclavian --\> internal thoracic artery) * will join posterior thoracic artery (thoraxix aorta) * supply of **intercostal muscle, breast gland, muscles of anterior chest wall, parietal sternocostal pleura**
107
thyrocervical trunk
* short artery * supplies structure of root of neck * **larynx, trachea, thyroid gland, muscles**
108
arteries of upper limb
1. axillary artery 2. brachial artery 3. radial artery 4. ulnar artery 5. superficial palmar arch/deep palmar arch 6. digital arteries
109
axillary artery
* continuation of subclavian contained within axilla * extends btw lateral border of 1st rib and lower margin of teres major * 4 main branches 1. thoracoacromial artery 2. lateral thoracic artery 3. subscapular artery 4. anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
110
thoracoacromial artery
* supply anterior wall of axilla
111
lateral thoracic artery
* supply medial wall of axilla
112
subscapular artery
* contribute in blood supply of scapular region
113
anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries
* wind around surgical neck of humerus * assist in supplying deltoid muscle and shoulder joint
114
brachial artery
* continuation of axillary artery * extends from lower margin of teres major to cubital fossa * supply anterior compartment of arm * deep brachial artery supply posterior compartment * split into radial and ulnar
115
radial artery
* descends on lateral side of forearm * supplies muscles of lateral side of anterior and posterior forearm

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