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muscular system Flashcards

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1
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

visceral, contribute to wall of organ and blood vessel

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2
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

visceral, in heart

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3
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

somatic, muscles that attach to bone, skin and move the body

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4
Q

what muscle ?

A

Orbicularis oculi:

in eyelids, contraction closes eyelids

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5
Q

what muscle ?

A

Nasalis:

attached to cartilage of the nose

flres nostrils

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6
Q

what muscle ?

A

orbicularis oris

around skin of oral fissure

purses lips

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7
Q

what muscle?

A

frontal belly

raises eyebrows

(part of scalp muscles and epicranium)

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8
Q

what muscle?

A

epicranial aponeurosis

flat tendon

(part of the scalp muscles and epicranium)

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9
Q

what muscle?

A

occipital belly

(part of scalp muscle and epicranium)

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10
Q

what nerves innervates scalp and face

A

CN VII

facial nerve

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11
Q

what muscle?

A

temporalis

  • arises from temporal fossa
  • inserts to ramus (coronoid process) of mandible
  • elevates mandible
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12
Q

what muscle?

A

Masseter

  • arises from zygomatic arch
  • inserts to lateral surface of the ramus of mandible
  • elevates mandible and clenches teeth
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13
Q

what muscle?

A

lateral pterygoid

  • arises from sphenoid bone
  • inserts to condyle(neck) of mandible and articular disc of TMJ
  • protrude and moves mandible side to side, helps open mouth
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14
Q

what muscle?

A

Medial pterygoid

  • arises: sphenoid bone
  • inserts: medial surface of ramus of mandible
  • elevates mandible, move it side to side
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15
Q

what are both the lateral and medial pterygoid in charge of?

A

contralateral deviation of the mandible

  • side to side movement
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16
Q

what nerves innervate muscles of mastication ?

A

CN V: trigeminal

V3 of trigeminal

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17
Q

what muscles?

A

extraocular muscles

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18
Q

what muscle?

A

levator pelpebrae susperioris

(elevate eyelid superior)

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19
Q

what nerves innervate the extraocular muscles

A

CN III, IV, VI

oculomotor, trochlear, abducent

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20
Q

what muscles?

A

laryngeal elevators

  • longtitudinal muscles
  • shorten pharynx and elevate larynx
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21
Q

what muscles?

A

Pharyngeal constrictors

  • encircle pharynx (circular muscles)
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22
Q

what nerves innervate the pharyngeal muscles (inner longitudinal and outer circular)

A

all supported by CN X (vagus) except stylopharyngeus

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23
Q

what muscle?

A

palatal muscles

  1. arises: base of cranium ; inserts: soft palate
  2. arises: soft palte ; inserts: pharynx/tongue

1 elevates and stretches soft palate

2 depresses soft palate

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24
Q

what nerves innervate the soft palate?

A

all CN X (vagus) excpet tensor veli palatini

(pulls membrane palate)

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25
what muscles?
extrinsic tongue muscles * arises: soft palate, mandible, styloid process, hyoid bone * inserts: tongue
26
what nerves innervate the muscles of tongue
all innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal) except palatoglossus
27
what muscle?
sternocleidomastoid (SCM) * arises: manubrium of sternum & clavicle * inserts; mastoid process of temporal bone * contracted unilaterally --\> bends neck contralaterally * part of superficial neck muscles * innervated by CN XI (accessory)
28
what muscle
infrahyoid muscles * ariss: sternum / scapula * inserts: hyoid bone / thyroid cartilage * depress hyoid bone and larynx * innervated by ansa cervicalis (cervical plexus)
29
what muscles
suprahyoid muscles * arises: temporal bone/mandible * inserts: hyoid bone * elevate hyoid bone and larynx / depress mandible * innervated by CNV (trigeminal) and CNVII (facial) (mandibular region)
30
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
* stretched btw laryngeal cartilages * changes length of vocal cord during phonation and repiration * innervated by CN X (vagus)
31
extrinsic laryngeal muscles
supra and infrahyoid muscles * because they can elevate and depress larynx they are considered extrinsic
32
what muscle?
scalenes * arises: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae (excpet CI) * inserts: first / second ribs * elevate the first two ribs / laterally flexes neck * innervated by _anterior rami_ of some of _cervical spinal nerves._
33
what muscle?
prevertebral muscles * arises: upper thoracic / cervical vertebrae * inserts: upper cervical vertebrae / occipital bone * flex head and neck * innervated by _anterior rami_ of some of _cervical spinal nerves_
34
superficial back muscles
* trapezius * latissimus dorsi * rhomboids * levator scapula
35
trapezius
* arises: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of CVII to TXII * inserts: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula * elevate, depress, retract (adduction) of scapula * upward rotation od scapula (bring hand above head) * innervation: CN XI (accesory)
36
latissimus dorsi
* arises: spinous processes of TVII to LV, sacral and iliac crests * inserts: intertubercular groove of humerus * extension, adduction, medial rotation of shoudler joint * innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
37
levator scapulae
* arises: transverse processes of CI to CIV * inserts: upper part of medial border of scapula * elevates scapula * innervation: dorsal scapular nerve, C3 C4 spinal nerves
38
rhomboid minor
* arises : spinous processes CVII to TI * inserts: medial border of scapula at the spine * retraction (adduction) and elevation of scapula * innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
39
rhomboid major
* arise: spinous processes of TII to TV * inserts: medial border of scapula btw spine and inferior angle * retraction(adduction) and elevation of scapula * innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
40
Intermediate back muscles
* serratus posterior superior * serratus posterior inferior * (accesory respiratory muscles) * innervated by _anterior rami of spinal nerves_
41
serratus posterior superior
* arises: spinous processes of CVII to TIII * inserts: ribs II to V * elevate ribs II to V * innervation: anterior rami of T2 to T5
42
serratus posterior inferior
* arises: spinous processes of TXI to LIII * inserts: ribs IX to XII * depresses ribs IX to XII * anterior rami of T9 to T11
43
deep back muscles
* erector * transverseospinalis * segmental
44
erector muscles name muscles from lateral to medial
* three longitudinal bands (lateral to medial) 1. iliocostalis 2. longissimus 3. spinalis * I-L-S (I love spaghetti)
45
transversospinalis name from superficial to deep
1. semispinalis 2. multifidus 3. rotatores * arises: transverse process * insert: spinous processes * innervation: posterior rami of spinal nerve at corresponding level)
46
segmental | (name from meidal to lateral)
1. interspinales (btw spinous processes) 2. intertransversarii (btw transverse processes) 3. levator costarum (elevate ribs)
47
extrinsic muscles of thorax
* arises: thorax * inserts: upper limb 1. pectoralis major 2. pectoralis minor 3. serratus anterior 4. subclavius muscle
48
what muscle?
subclavius * arises: 1st rib * inserts: groove of inferior surface of clavicle * depression of clavicle * innervation: nerve to subclavius
49
what muscle ?
pectoralis minor * arises: ribs II to V * inserts: coracoid process of scapula * function: abduction of scapula * innervation: medial and latral pectoral nerevs
50
what muscle?
pectoralis major * arise: medial half of clavicle and sternum * insert: lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus * function: adduction and medial rotation of shoulder joint * innervation: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
51
what muscle?
serratus anterior * arise: ribs I to IX * insert: medial border of scapula * function: adduction and upward rotation of scapula * innervation: long thoracic nerve
52
intrinsic muscles of thorax
1. intercostal muscles 2. diaphragm
53
what muscle?
external intercostal muscle (more superficial) * arise: lower border of rib above * insert: superior border of rib below * function: elevate rib below (inhalation) * innervation: intercostal nerves (anterior ramus of TI to TXII)
54
what muscle?
internal intercostal * arise: superior border of the rib below * insert: inferior border of the rib above * function: depress rib above (exhalation) * innervation: intercostal nerves (anterior ramus of TI to TXII) * muscle fibre direction: hands in jean pocket
55
what opening of the diaphragm is this?
foramen for inferior vena cava (IVC) * at the level of TXIII
56
what opening of the diaphragm is this?
foramen for aorta * at level of TXII
57
what opening of the diphragm is this?
foramen for esophagus * at level of TX
58
diaphragm
* arise: xiphoid process of sternum; lower 6 ribs, upper 3 lumber vertebrae * insert: central tendon of diaphragm * 75% of respiration by diaphragm, 25% by external intercostal muscle
59
anterolateral abdominal wall muscles
* flexes and roates the trunk * increases abdominal cavity pressure 1. recus abdominis 2. external abdominal oblique 3. internal abdominal oblique 4. transverse abdominis
60
posterior abdominal wall muscles
* extends and laterally flexes trunk * flexes and lateraly rotates hip joint 1. psoas major (part of iliopsoas muscle) 2. iliacus (part of iliopsoas muscle) 3. quadratus lumborum
61
what muscle?
rectus abdominis * arise: pubic bone and pubic symphysis * insert: xiphoid process & costal cartilages V to VII * function: compression of abdominal viscera & flexion of trunk * innervation: anterior rami of T7 to T12
62
what muscle?
external abdominal oblique * arise: lower 8 ribs * insert: iliac crest, pubic bone, linea alba * function: compression of abdominal viscera, flexion & contralateral rotation of trunk * innervation: anterior rami of T7 to T12
63
what muscle?
internal abdominal oblique * arise: iliac crest & inguinal ligament * insert: lower 4 ribs & linea alba * function: compression of abdominal viscera, flexion & ilpsilateral rotation of trunk * innervation: anterior rami of T7 to L1
64
what muscle?
transversus abdominis * arise: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lower 6 ribs * insert: linea alba * function: compression of abdominal viscera * innervation: anterior rami of T7 to L1
65
what muscle?
aponeurosis * flat tendon that attaches anterolateral abdominal muscles (except rectus abdominis) to their insertion * attaches to linea alba
66
what muscle?
inguinal ligament * inferior border of aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique muscle * stretched btw anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to pubic tubercle
67
what muscle?
linea alba * band of dense connective tissue formed by _union of aponeurosis of anterolateral abdominal muscles_ in the _midline_ * extends f_rom xyphoid process to pubic symphysis_
68
what muscle?
rectus sheath * formed by aponeuroses of external, internal and transversus abdominus muscles * almost completely invests the rectus abdominis muscle
69
inguinal canal
* located parallel and little above medial half of the inguinal ligament * formed by external, internal and transversus abominis msucles * 2 openings: DEEP and SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RINGS * contains spermatic cord in male (testicles descend thru inguinal canal in males) * round ligament of uterus in females
70
what muscle?
quadratus lumborum * arise: transverse process of LV and iliac crest * insert: transverse process of LI to LIV and rib XII * function: extension and lateral flexion of trunk & flexion of rib XII * innervation: anterior rami of T12-L4
71
what muscle?
psoas major (part of iliopsoas muscle) * arise: transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae & intervening discs * insert: lesser trochanter of femur * function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: anterior rami of L1 to L3
72
what muscle?
iliacus (part of iliopsoas muscle) * arise: iliac fossa * insert: lesser trochanter of femur * function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: femoral nerve
73
muscle of pelvis classification
1. pelvic wall muscles 2. pelvic diaphragm 3. perineal muscles
74
pelvic wall muscles
* arise : pelvic cavity * insert: femur 1. piriformis 2. obturator internus
75
what muscle?
piriformis (lateral pelvis wall muscle) * attaches to anterior sacrum * goes to thigh --\> act on hip joint
76
what muscle
obturator internus
77
pelvis diaphragm
* from left and right sides join to form _muscular funnel shaped membrane_ btw true pelvis and perineum * supports pelvic viscera * levator ani * coccygeus muscle
78
what muscle?
levator ani * arise: inner surface of hip bone * anterior fibers merge with fibers of the opposite side levator ani * posterior fibers insert to sacrum and coccyx * innervation: branches from sacral plexus
79
what muscle?
coccygeus * arise: ischial spine * insert: coccyx and sacrum * function: support pelvic viscera * innervation: branches of sacral plexus
80
perineum
* diamond shaped area located inferior to the pelvic daiphragm btw the thighs * horizontal line drawn btw ischial tuberosities. * anterior urogenital triangle * posterior anal triangle
81
urogenital triangle
* distal part of urethra * external genitalia * perineal muscles (except external anal sphincter) * bulbospongiosus * ischiocavernosus
82
what muscle?
ischiocavernosus * assist in maintaining erection of penis / clitoris * cover root of external genitalia
83
what muscle?
bulbospongiosus * help drain last drops of urine in males * sphincter for vaginal opening in females * cover the root of external genitalia
84
innervation of the perineal muscles?
pudendal nerve * S2, 3, 4 (somatic)
85
what muscle?
external anal sphincter * closes anus
86
what muscle?
leavtor ani * part of pelvic diaphragm
87
muscles of scapular region
1. subscapularis 2. supraspinatus 3. infraspinatus 4. teres minor 5. teres major
88
rotator cuff
1. subscapularis 2. supraspinatus 3. infraspinatus 4. teres minor * reinforce shoulder joint capsule and stabilze joint * role of supporting shoulder joint more important for these muscles than moving the joint
89
what muscle ?
supraspinatus * arise: supraspinous fossa of scapula * insert: greater tubercle of humerus * function: abduction of shoulder joint * innervation: suprascapular nerve
90
what muscle?
infraspinatus * arise: infraspinous fossa of scapula * insert: greater tubercle of humerus * function: lateral rotation of shoulder joint * suprascapular nerve
91
what muscle?
teres minor * arise: upper lateral border of scapula * insert: greater tubercle of humerus * function: lateral rotation of shoulder joint * innervation: axillary nerve
92
what muscle?
teres major * arise: lower lateral border of scapula * insert: medial lip of intertubercular groove of humerus * function: medial rotation of shoulder joint * innervation: lower subscapular nerve
93
what muscle?
subscapularis * arise: subscapular fossa of scapula * insert: lesser tubercle of humerus * function: medial rotation of shoulder joint * innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves
94
muscles of deltoid region?
deltoid
95
what muscle?
deltoid * arise: spine of scapula, acromion, lateral third of clavicle * insert: deltoid tuberosity of humerus * function: abduction of shoulder joint * innervation: axilary nerve
96
muscles of the arm compartments
* anterior * posterior
97
anterior compartment of the arm
1. biceps brachii 2. brachialis 3. coracobrachialis * flex shoulders and elbow joint (flexor-supinator) * innervated by musculocutaneous nerve
98
posterior compartment
1. tricpes brachii * extends shoulder and elbow joints (extensor) * innervated by radial nerve
99
what muscles?
biceps brachii * consists of long head and short head
100
what muscle?
long head * arise: supraglenoid tubercle od scapula * insert: radial tuberosity of radius * function: flexion of elbow joint & supination of forearm * innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
101
what muscle
short head * arise: coracoid process of scapula * insert: radial tuberosity of radius * function: flexion of elbow joint and supination of forearm * innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
102
what muscle?
coracobrachialis * arise: coracoid process of scapula * insert: midshaft of humerus * function: flexion of shoulder joint * innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
103
what muscle?
brachialis * arise: anterior surface of distal shaft of humerus * insert: ulnar tuberosity * function: flexion of elbow joint * innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
104
what muscle?
triceps brachii (3 heads) * long head * lateral and medial head
105
what muscle?
long head * arise: infraglenoid tubercle * insert: olecranon process of ulna * function: extension of elbow joint * innervation: radial nerve
106
what muscle?
lateral and medial heads * arise: posterior shaft of humerus * insert: olecranon process of ulna * function: extension of elbow * innervation: radial nerve
107
muscles of forearm compartments
* anterior (flexor-pronator) 1. superficial, intermediate, deep layers * posterior (extensor-supinator) 1. superficial and deep layers
108
_superficial_ layer of _anterior_ compartment of _forearm_
* pronator teres * flexor carpi radialis * palmaris longus * flexor carpi ulnaris
109
pronator teres
* arise: medial epicondyle of humeurs & coronoid process of ulna * insert: lateral midshaft of radius * function: pronation of forearm * innervation: medial nerve * "superficial layer of anterior forearm"
110
flexor carpi radialis
* arise: medial epicondyle of humerus * insert: base of second and third metacarpals * functionL flexion and abduction of wrist joint * innervation: median nerve * "superficial layer of anterior forearm"
111
palmaris longus
* arise: medial epicondyle of humerus * insert: palmar aponeurosis (thicker central part of deep facia) * function: flexion of wrist joint * innervation: median nerve * "superficial layer of anterior forearm"
112
flexor carpi ulnaris
* arise: medial epicondyle of humerus & olecranon process of ulna * insert: base of fifth metacarpal * function: flexion and addution of wrist * innervation: ulnar nerve * \*superficial layer of anterior forearm"
113
flexor digitorum superficialis
* arise: medial epicondyle fo humerus & coronoid process of ulna & anterior shaft of radius * insert: middle phalanges of finger 2 to 5 * function: flexion of wrsit, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. * innervation: median nerve * "intermediate layer of anterior forearm"
114
flexor digitorum profundus
* arise: anterior and medial surfaces of ulnar shaft and interosseous membrane * insert: distal phalanges of finger 2 to 5 * function: flexion of wrist, metacarpophalangeal, proximal and distal interphalangeal joint. * innervation: median and ulnar nerves * "deep layer of anterior forearm"
115
flexor pollicis longus
* arise: anterior surface of radial shaft and interosseous membrane * insert: distal phalanx of thumb * function: flexion of metacarpophalangeal, carpometacarpal joints of thumb * innervation: median nerve * "deep layer of anterior forearm"
116
pronator quadratus
* arise: distal one fourth of ulnar shaft * insert: distal one fourth of radial shaft * function: pronation of forearm * innervation: median nerve * "deep layer of anterior forearm"
117
brachioradialis
* arise: upper part of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus * insert: styloid process of radius * function: flexion of elbow joint * innervation: radial nerve * "superficial layer of posterior forearm"
118
extensor carpi radialis longus
* arise: lower part of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus * insert: base of the second metacarpal * function: extension and abuction of wrist joint * innervation: radial nerve * "superficial layer of posterior forearm"
119
extensor carpi radialis brevis
* arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus * insert: base of third metacarpal * extension and adbuction of wrist * innervation: radial nerve * "superficial layer of posterior forearm"
120
extensor digitorum
* arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus * insert: middle and distal phalanges of fingers 2 to 5 * function: extension of wrist and extension od metacarpophalngeal and interphalangeal joints of fingers 2 to 5 * innervation: radial nerve * "superficial layer of posterior forearm"
121
extensor digiti minimi
* arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus * insert: middle and distal phalanges of 5th finger * function: extension od metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of 5th finger * innervation: radial nerve * "superficial layer of posterior forearm"
122
extensor carpi ulnaris
* arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus and ulnar shaft * insert: base of fifth metacarpal * function: extension and abduction of wrist joint * innervation: radial nerve * "superficial layer of posterior forearm"
123
anconeus
* arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus * insert: olecranon process and upper posterior surface of ulnar shaft * function: extension of elbow joint * innervation: radial nerve * "superficial layer of posterior forearm"
124
supinator
* arise: lateral epicondyle of humerus and upper lateral surface of ulanr shaft * insert: upper part of lateral surface of radial shaft * function: supination of forearm * innervation: radial nerve * "deep layer of posterior forearm"
125
abductor pollicis longus
* airse: posterior surface of radial and ulnar shafts * insert: base of first metacarpal * function: abduction of carpometacarpal joint of thumb * innervation: radial nerve * "deep layer of posterior forearm"
126
extensor pollicis brevis
* arise: posterior surface of radial shaft and interosseus membrane * insert: base of proximal phalanx of thumb * function: extension of metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb * innervation: radial nerve * "deep layer of posterior forearm"
127
extensor pollicis longus
* arise: posterior surface of ulnar shaft and interosseus membrane * insert: base of distal phalanx of thumb * function: extension of interphalangral nad metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb * innervation: radial nerve * "deep layer of posterior forearm"
128
extensor indicis
* arise: posterior surface of ulnar shaft and interosseus membrane * insert: middle and distal phalanges of the index finger * function: extension of metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of index finger * innervation: radial nerve * "deep layer of posterior forearm"
129
medial epicondylitis
golf elbow * repeated bending of common flexor tendon
130
lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow * common extensor tendon painful
131
compartments of hand muscles
* thenar group * hypothenar group * central group
132
Thenar muscles
* form thenar eminence at base of thumb * abduction, flexion, opposition of thumb * innervated by median nerve
133
abductor pollicis brevis
* arise: flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium * insert: base of proximal phalanx of thumb * function: abduction of first carpometacarpal joint * innervation: median nerve * thenar group
134
flexor pollicis brevis
* arise: flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium * insert: base of proximal phalanx of thumb * function: flexion of first carpometacarpal joint * innervation: median nerve * thenar group
135
ooponens pollicis
* arise: flexor retinaculum, scaphoid, trapezium * insert: first metacarpal bone * function: ooposition of thumb * innervation: median nerve * thenar group
136
hypothenar group
* form hypothenar eminence at base of fifth finger * abduction, flexion, opposition * innervated by ulnar nerve
137
abductor digiti minimi
* arise: pisiform * insert: base of proximal phalanx of 5th finger * function: abduction of 5th metacarpophalangeal joint * innervation: ulnar nerve * hypothenar group
138
flexor digiti minimi brevis
* arise: hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum * insert: base of proximal phalanx of 5th finger * function: flexion of 5th metacarpophalangeal joint * innervation: ulnar nerve * hypothenar group
139
opponens digiti minimi
* arise: hook of hamate and retinaculum * insert: fifth metacarpal bone * function: oppoistion of 5th finger * innervation: ulnar nerve * hypothenar group
140
adductor pollicis
* _oblique head_ **arise**: bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals and capitate * _transverse head_ **arise**: shaft of the 3rd metacarapal * insertion: base of proximal phalanx of thumb * function: adduction of the 1st carpometacarpal joint * innervation: ulnar nerve * central group
141
lumbricals (numbered from lateral to medial)
* arise: tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle * insert: dorsal digital expansion of fingers 2 to 5 * function: flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of the interphalangeal joints of fingers 2 to 5 * innervation: median and ulnar nerves * central group
142
dorsal interossei (lateral to medial)
* arise: adjacent surfaces of metacarpals * insert: dorsal digital expansion of fingers 2 to 4 * function: DAB --\> abduction of metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of interphalangeal joints of fingers 2 to 4 * innervation: ulnar nerve * central group
143
palmar interossei (lateral to medial )
* arise: palmar surfaces of 2nd , 4th, 5th metacarpals * insert: dorsal digital expansion of fingers 2, 4, 5 * function: PAD --\> adduction of metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of interphalangeal joints of fingers 2, 4, 5 * innervation: ulnar nerve * central group
144
which subdivisions of the arms are the 3 transitional areas located
1. shoulder 2. arm 3. forearms 4. hands
145
what are the three transitional areas?
1. axilla 2. cubital fossa 3. carpal tunnel
146
axilla (transitional area)
* pyramidal space btw root of neck and shoulder area * passage for all blood vessels and nerves passing to upper limb
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anterior wall of axilla
* pectoralis major and minor muscles
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medial wall of axilla
* thoracic wall (down to 5th rib) * overlying serratus anterior muscle
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posterior wall of axilla
* subscapularis * teres major * latissimus dorsi * scapula
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lateral wall of axilla
* intertubercular groove of humerus
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base of axilla
* skin of armpit
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apex of axilla
* behind the middle third of clavicle
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cubital fossa
* triangular space * bounded laterally by brachioradialis muscles * bounded medially by pronator teres * bounded superiorly by imaginary line joining medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus * content: median and radial nerevs & brachial artery
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how many tendons in carpal tunnel
* 9 tendons * 4 tendons from flexor digitorum profundus tendons * 4 tendons from flexor digitorum superficialis tendons * 1 tendon from flexor pollicis longus tendon * innervation: ulnar nerve
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median nerves innervated where?
* lateral 3 and a half figners * thenal muscles * 1st, 2nd lumbiricals
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compartments of lowe limbs
* gluteal * thigh * leg * foor
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gluteal region
* superficial: mainly _extensor and abductors_ of hip region * deep: _lateral rotator_ of hip joint * innervation: sacral plexus
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superficial group of gluteal region
* gluteus maximus * gluteus medius * gluteus minimus * tensor fascia lata
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gluteus maximus
* arise: ilium, posterior to posterior gluteal line, posterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament * insert: gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract * function: extension of hip joint * innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
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gluteus medius
* arise: external surface of ilium btw anterior and posterior gluteal lines * insert: lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur * function: abduction of hip joints * innervation: superior gluteal nerve
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gluteus minimus
* arise: external surface of ilium btw anterior and inferior gluteal lines * insert: anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur * function: abduction of hip joint * innervation: superior gluteal nerve
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tensor fascia lata
* arise: anterior part of iliac crest and ASIS * insert: iliotibial tract, which attaches to lateral tibial condyle * function: flexion of hip joint * innervation: superior gluteal nerve
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deep group of gluteal region
* piriformis * superior gemellus * obturator internus * inferior gemellus * quadratus femoris
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priformis
* arise: anterior surface of 2nd to 4th sacral vertebrae * insert: superior border of greater trochanter of femur * function: lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: anterior rami of S1 and S2
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superior gemellus
* arise: ischial spine * insert: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur * function: lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: nerve to obturator internus
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obturator internus
* arise: internal surface of obturator and membrane surrounding bones * insert: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur * function: lateral rotation of hip joints * innervation: nerve to obturator internus
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inferior gemellus
* arise: ischial tuberosity * insert: medial surface of greater trochanter of femur * function: lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris
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quadratus femoris
* arise: ischial tuberosity * insert: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric chest of femur * function: lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: nerve to quadratus femoris
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muscles of thigh
* anterior: extensors of the knee joint innervated by femoral nerve * medial: addcutors of the hip joint innervated by obturator nerve * posterior: hamstring--\> flexors of the knee joint innervated by sciatic nerve * compartments made by femur and extension of deep fascia of thigh attaching to the femur
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anterior compartments of thigh
* psoas major * iliacus * sartorius * quadriceps femoris
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psoas major
* _part of iliopsoas msucle_ with iliacus * arise: transverse processes and bodies of _lumbar vertebrae_ and intervening discs * insert: lesser trochanter of femur * function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: anterior rami of L1-L3
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iliacus
* _part of iliopsoas_ muscle with psoas major * arise: iliac fossa * insert: lesser trochanter of femur * function: flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: femoral nerve
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sartorius
* anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) * insert: upper medial durface of tibia * function: flexion, abduction, lateral rotation of hip joint & flexion of knee joint * innervation: femoral nerve
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compartments of quadriceps femoris
* rectus femoris * vastus lateralis * vastus intermedius * vastus medialis
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rectus femoris
* arise: _anterior inferior iliac spine_ & immediately _above the acetabulum_ * insert: _patella via quadriceps tendon_ (tibial tuberosity through patellar ligament or tendon) * functin: extension of knee joint & flexion of hip joint * innervation: femoral nerve
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vestus lateralis
* arise: _lateral part of intertrochanteric line_, _lateral lip of linea aspera_ * insert: patella via quadriceps tendon (tibial tuberosity through patellar ligament ot tendon) * function: extension of knee joints * innervation: femoral nerve
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vastus intermedius
* arise: upper part of anterior and lateral surfaces of femoral shaft * insert: patellar via quadriceps tendon (tibial tuberosity through patellar ligament or tendon) * function: extension of knee joint * innervation: femoral nerve
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vastus medialis
* arise: medial part of intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera, medial supracondylar line * insert: patella via quadraceps tendon (tibial tuberosity through patellar ligaments or tendon) * function: extension of knee joint * innervation: femoral nerve
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medial compartments of thigh
* pectineus * gracilis * adductor longus * adductor brevis * adductor magnus * obturator externus
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pectineus
* arise: superior pubic ramus * insert: proximal of posterior surface of femoral shaft * function: adduction and flexion of hip joint * innervation: femoral nerve
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gracilis
* arise: body and inferior ramus of pubis * insert: upper medial surface of tibia * function: adduction of hip joint and flexioon of knee joint * innervation: obturator nerve
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addcutor longus
* arise: body of pubis inferior to pubic crest * insert: middle third of linea aspera of femur * function: adduction of hip joint * innervation: obturator nerve
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adductor brevis
* arise: body and inferior ramus of pubis * insert: proximal third of linea aspera * function: adduction of hip joint * innervation: obturator nerve
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adductor magnus compartments
* adductor part * hamstring part
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_adductor part_ of adductor magnus
* arise: ischiopubic ramus * insert: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line * function: adduction of hip joint * innervation: obturator nerve
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hamstring part of adductor magnus
* arise: ischial tuberosity * insert: adductor tubercle (opneing btw two insertions of the adductor magnus muscle) * function: extension of hip joint * innervation: tibial nerve
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obturator externus
* arise: external surface of obturator membrane and adjacent bone * insert: trochanteric fossa * function: lateral rotation of hip joint * innervation: obturator nerve
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posterior compartment of thigh
* biceps femoris * semitendinosus * semimembranosus
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biceps femoris compartments
* long head * short head
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long head of bicpes femoris
* arise: ischial tuberosity * insert: head of fibula * function: flexion and lateral rotation of knee joint & extension of hip joint * innervation: tibial nerve
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short head of biceps femoris
* arise: linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur * insert: head of fibula * function: flexion and lateral rotation of knee & extension of knee hip joint * innervation: common fibular nerve
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semitendinosus
* arise: ischial tuberosity * insert: upper medial surface of tibia * function: flexion and medial rotation of knee joint, extension of hip joint * innervation: tibial nerve
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semimembranosus
* arise: ischial tuberosity * insert: posterior surface of medial tibial condyle * function: flexion and medial rotation of knee joint, extension of hip joint * innervation: tibial nerve
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compartments of muscles of the legs
* anterior * posterior 1. superficial 2. deep * lateral
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functions of anterior compartment of leg
* dorsi flexors of ankle joint * extensors of toes * inverters of foot * innervated by deep fibular nerves
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muscles of anterior compartment of legs
1. tibialis anterior 2. extensor hallucis longus 3. extnesor digitorum longus 4. fibularis tertius
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tibialis anterior
* arise: lateral tibial condyle, upper part of lateral surface of tibial shaft, interosseous membrane * insert: medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal * function: dorsi flexion of ankle and inversion of foot * innervation: deep fibular
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extensor hallucis longus
* arise: middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseus membrane * insert: base of distal phalanx of big toe * function: dorsi flexion of ankle joint, extension of the 1st metatarsophalangeal and intertarsophalangeal joints of _big toe_ * innervation: deep fibular nerve
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extensor digitorum longus
* arise: lateral tibial condyle and upper part of anterior surface of interosseus membrane * insert: middle and distal phalanges of toes 2 to 5 via dorsal digital expansion (triangular expansion) * function: dorsi flexion of ankle, extension of metatarsophalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints of _toes 2 to 5_ * innervation: deep fibular nerve
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fibularis tertius
* arise: lower part of lateral surface of fibula * insert: dorsal surface of the base of the 5th metatarsal bone * function: dorsiflexion of ankle joint and eversion of foot * innervation: deep fibular nerve
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superficial group of posterior leg
* gastrocnemius * soleus * plantaris
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gastrocnemius
1. medial head: arise --\> superior to medial femoral condyle 2. lateral head: arise --\> lateral to lateral femoral condyle * insert: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon * function: plantar flexion of ankle joint and knee joint * innervation: tibial nerve
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posterior compartment of legs
* superficial: plantar flexors of ankle * deep: flexor of toes * innervated by tibial nerve
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soleus
* arise: head and upper part of posterior surface of fibular shaft and soleal line of tibia * insert: posterior surface of calaneus via calaneal tendon * function: plantar flexion and ankle joint * innervation: tibial nerve
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plantaris
* arise: lower part of lateral supracondylar line * insert: posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon * function: plantar flexion of ankle joint * innervation: tibial joint
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deep group of posterior compartment
* flexor digitorum longus * flexor hallucis longus * tibialis posterior * popliteus
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flexor digitorum longus
* arise: middle part of posterior surface of tibial shaft * insert: base of distal phalanges of toes 2 to 5 * function: flexion of metatarsophlangeal, proximal and dsital interphalangeal joints of toes _2 to 5_ * innervation: tibial nerve
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flexor hallucis longus
* arise: lower part of posterior surface of fibular shaft and interosseus membrane * insert: base of distal phalanx of big toe * function: flexion of metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints of big toe * innervation: tibial nerve
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tibialis posterior
* arise: middle part of posterior surface of tibial and fibular shafts, interosseus membrane * insert: mainly to navicular and medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal bones 2 to 4 * function: inversion of foot and plantar flexion of ankle joint * innervation: tibial nerve
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popliteus
* arise: lateral surface of lateral femoral condyle * insert: upper part of posterior surface of tibial shaft * function: medial rotation of knee joint * innervation: tibial nerve
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function of lateral compartment of leg
* everter of ankle * innervated by superficial fibular nerve
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lateral compartment of leg
* fibularis longus * fibularis brevis
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fibularis longus
* arise: upper part of lateral surface of fibular shaft * insert: median cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal * function: eversion of foot * innervation: superficial fibular nerve
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fibularis brevis
* arise: lower part of lateral surface of fibular shaft * insert: tuberosity of 5th metatarsal bone * function: eversion of foot * innervation: superficial fibular nerve
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compartments of muscles of foot
* dorsal aspect * sole of foot 1. 1st layer 2. 2nd layer 3. 3rd layer 4. 4th layer
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dorsal aspect of foot
* extensor digitorum brevis * extensor hallucis brevis
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extensor digitorum brevis
* function: assists in extension od metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 4 * innervation: deep fibular nerve
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extensor hallucis brevis
* function: extension of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint * innervation:
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plantar compartments of the foot
* from superficial to deep 1. 1st layer 2. 2nd layer 3. 3rd layer 4. 4th layer
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fist layer of plantar foot
1. abductor hallucis 2. flexor digitorum brevis 3. abductor digitorum minimi * function: abduction of all toes and flexion of lateral four toes
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abductor hallucis
* function: abduction of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint * innervation: medial plantar nerve
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flexor digitorum brevis
* function: flexion of metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 5 * innervation: medial plantar nerve
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abductor digiti minimi
* function: abduction of 5th metatarsophalangeal joint * innervation: medial plantar nerve
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second layer of plantar foot
1. lumbricals 2. quadratus plantae * function: flex the lateral 4 toes * also two tendons in this layer 1. flexor hallucis longus 2. flexor giditorum longus
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lumbricals
* numbered medial to lateral * function: flexion of metatarsophalangeal; extention of interphalangeal joints of 2 to 5 * innervation: medial plantar nerve (1st lumbrical); lateral plantar nerve (2, 3, 4th lumbriacal)
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quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius)
* function: assists in flexion of metatarsophlangeal and interphalangeal joints of toes 2 to 5 * innervation: lateral plantar nerve
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third layer of plantar foot
1. flexor hallucis brevis 2. adductor hallucis 3. flexor digiti minimi brevis * function: flexion of 1st to 5th toes; adduct 1st toe
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flexor hallucis brevis
* function: flexion of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint * innervation: medial plantar nerve
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adductor hallucis
* function: adduction of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint * innervation: lateral plantar nerve
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flexor digiti minimi brevis
* function: flexion of the 5th metatarsophalangeal joint * innervation: lateral plantar nerve
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fourth layer of plantar foot
1. dorsi interossei 2. plantar interossei * function: adduc or abduct the toes * tendons of tibialis posterior and fibularis longus muscle contained here * adduction/abduction axis = second toe
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dorsi interossei
* function: abduction of the metatarsohalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints of _toes 2 to 4_ * innervation: lateral plantar
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plantar interossei
* function: adduction of the metatarsophalangeal joints and exension of the interphalangeal joints of _toes 3 to 5_ * innervation: lateral plantar
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plantar aponeurosis
* muscle deep to the thickening of deep fascia of sole of foot * _protect soft tissue_ of this region and assist in _maintaining foot arch_
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transitioning areas of the lower limb
1. femoral triangle 2. popliteal fossa 3. tarsal tunnel
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femoral triangle
* inguinal ligament (superiorly) * sartorius muscle (laterally) * adductor longus muscle (medially) * content: fmeoral vein, artery, nerve * apex of triangle points inferiorly and continuous with _adductor canal_ * distal end of adductor canal opens to popliteal fossa via adductor hiatus
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tarsal tunnel
* fibro-osseus tunnel * made by: 1. _medial malleolus_ and _thickening of deep fascia_ 2. _flexor retinaculum_ 3. _medial of ankle_ * contains tendons of deep muscles of the posterior compartment of leg, tibial nerve, posterior tibial artery and vein
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popliteal fossa
* _diamond shaped_ area located _behind the knee_ joint. * hamstring muscles (superiorly) * lateral and medial heads of gastrocnemius muscle (inferiorly) * contains: popliteal artery, popliteal vein, common fibular nerves.
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caps 391 (2 decks)

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