Circulatory system

Question 1

What doesnt have a circulatory system

Answer 1

parazoans and simple metazoans(flat worms)
-exchange of 02 and nutrients with environment is achieved via moevemtn of water
Nematodes-fluids within bgody cavity are used for circulation

Question 2

Open circulatory system

Answer 2

no distraction between blood and the extracellular (interstitial) fluids of body tissues eg) arthropods, and mollusks except cephalopods)

Question 3

insect circulatory system

Answer 3

Open
blood is pumped through vessels into body cavity
Hemolymmph transports nutrients and metabolic waste, but ton o2 and CO2
heart with ostia

Question 4

crustacean and chelicerates circulatory system

Answer 4

open ssystem
Hemolypm also transports o2 and co2. blood has oxygen-binding pigments, hemocyanin, not hemoglobin)

Question 5

Function of blood (in vertebrates)

Answer 5

Transportation-all substances essential to cellular metabolism are transported by the circulatory system
-red blood cells transport oxygen to tissues
-blood carries absorbed products of digestion to cells in the body
-metabolic wastes and excess water in the blood are filtered through the kidneys
regulation-transports hormones participates in temp regulation
protection-circulatory system protects against injury and foreign substances
1)blood clotting platelets adhere to the damaged area
2)immune defense-white blood cells

Question 5

closed circulatory system

Answer 5

blood is enclosed within vessels that transport the blood away from and back to heart, transports nutrients metabolic waste, and o2/co2
eg) annelids, cephalopod mollusks,

Question 6

Fish circulatory system

Answer 6

single-looped circulation; low blood pressure
heat-gills body, back to heart
-in the transition to lungs some aortic arches of the kills were repurposed to deliver deoxygenated blood to paired air sacs associated with pharynx

Question 7

tetrapods circulatory system

Answer 7

-the evolution of lungs coincided with the evolution of double-looped circulation
-blood is pumped via the pulmonary circuit from the heart to the lungs and back
-blood is pumped via the systemic circuit from the heart to the tissues and back
Mammals, birds, crocodiles-4 chambered heart so deox blood and ox blood don’t meat

Question 8

Amphibians and most reptiles circulatory system

Answer 8

reptiles amphibians- 3 chamber heart so deox and o blood meet(two atria and one ventricle)

Question 9

crocodiles, birds and mammals reptiles amphibians- 3 chamber heart so deox and o blood meet(two atria and one ventricle)

Answer 9

Mammals, birds, crocodiles-4 chambered heart so deox blood and ox blood don’t meat

Question 10

Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out ot body tissue

Answer 10

Left ventricle-thicker walls, high pressure
Right ventricle pumps deox blood to the lungs at low pressure

Question 11

Mammal, bird croco heart

Answer 11

veins return blood, arteries take blood way from heart
1)Right atrium receives venous blood
2)blood flows to right ventricle and is pumped to lungs
3)left atrium receives ox blood from lungs
4)blood flows to left ventricle and is pumped to organs in body(via aorta)
- 2 cycle pump: atrial chambers pump simultaneously followed by ventricular chambers

Question 12

blood vessels

Answer 12

arteries and arterioles
-blood leaves the heart via arteries and then to arterioles
-contain more elastic fibers than other blood vessels.. When they contract they reduce heat loss and limits blood flow to injured vessels
Capillaries
-upon leaving the arterial system blood then enters an elaborate network of capillaries
o2 is released to cells and co2 and other waste products are picked up
Venules and veins
-blood flows from venues and veins back to heart, aided by contractions of skeletal muscle
-low pressure, most of body blood is contained in veins, pooling of blood causes varicose veins (bed ridded)

Question 13

Vasoconstriction

Answer 13

arteries and arterioles
When they contract they reduce heat loss and limits blood flow to injured vessels

Question 14

Vasodilation

Answer 14

Increases heat loss, more blood flow

Question 15

Capillaries

Answer 15

Capillaries
-upon leaving the arterial system blood then enters an elaborate network of capillaries
o2 is released to cells and co2 and other waste products are picked up

Question 16

Venules and veins

Answer 16

Venules and veins
-blood flows from venues and veins back to heart, aided by contractions of skeletal muscle
-low pressure, most of body blood is contained in veins, pooling of blood causes varicose veins (bed ridded)

Question 17

lymphatic system

Answer 17

-the circulatory system is a closed system; however some water and solutes of blood plasma filter through capillaries and form interstitial fluid
-the amount of fluid that flows out of capillaries is greater than what flows in. The remainder renters the lymphatic system(open system)
-excess interstitial fluid drains into lymph capillaries, which eventually passes to lymph nodes (in neck) and drained back into veins

Question 18

Gas exchange across respiratory surfaces

Answer 18

respiration involes the diffusion of gases across plasma membrane
-diffusion is passive, driven by the difference in o2 and co2 concentrations across a membrane.
-ficks law of diffusion

Question 19

ficks law of diffusion

Answer 19

R= (DxAxDeltap)/d
r=rate of diffusion
D=diffusion constant
A=surface area
deltap=difference in concentration on either side of membrane
d=width of membrane
-R can be increased by increased A, deltap or lowering d

Question 20

Aquatic breathers

Answer 20

Undirectional- in mouth out gills

Question 21

Terestial air-breathers

Answer 21

bidirectional or tidal in mouth, goes out the opposite way
birds have one way airflow

Question 22

Gills

Answer 22

-gills are specialized vascularized filamentous structures that project into water. their design increased surface area (A) and minimized membrane width (d) for efficient gas exchange
-papulae and tube feet in echinoderms serve as gills
-naked gills in nudibranch(type of gastropod
-many marine annelids breathe through their skin
-aquatic insect larvae have external gills that connect to their tracheal system, lost as an adult
-gills are found in most encrustations, many mollusks and annelids, as well as larval salamanders and fish
-numerous groups of fish have evolved accessory breathing organs to cope with low dissolved o in water

Question 23

Countercurrent exchange and fish law of diffusion

Answer 23

if fished used concurentis fish would have no diffusion as water and blood would be 50/50

Question 24

numerous groups of fish have evolved accessory breathing organs to cope with low dissolved o in water

Answer 24

catfish absorb air through the digestive tract
-eclectic eels absorb air in their mouth cavity
-some fish fulp air and absorb o2 in specialized labyrinth organs
-lungfishs have paired longs that have same lungs as tetrapods’ origins
-some turtles diffuse o2 and cos across the membrane of their cloaca while underwater in winter (butt)

Question 25

Trachael systems

Answer 25

Terrestial arthopods breathe via a network of air-fulled tubes (tracheae and air sacs) that branch into finer tubes (tracheoles) where gas exchange occurs. air enters and exits via spiracles.
circulatory system is NOT involved with gas exchange
aire enters through abdominal spiracles and exits through posterior spiracles. abdominal pumping improves circulation-

Question 26

Lungs

Answer 26

are air chambers with internal support and a moist environment to reduce water loss
-vertebrate lungs(some fish)
-book lungs in spiders
-mantle cavity of terrestrial molluks
Tretrapods, evaportation across membrane surfaces minimized by moring air into moist, high vascularized paired chambers.

Question 27

amphibian lungs

Answer 27

simple b/c they breath through skin, small lungs
2way airflow,, cutaneus airflow

Question 28

Reptile lungs

Answer 28

more convoluted lungs increase surface area
2 way airflow

Question 29

mammal lungs

Answer 29

increase surface area, more convuluted and aveloi
2 way airflow

Question 30

bird lungs

Answer 30

air sacs and lungs, air doesnt go in and out bu it goes trhough- one way airflow.

Question 31

Amphyians breathing

Answer 31

in amphibians, the interal surface area of lungs is relatively small. cutaneous breathing supplement lungs
-postive pressure breathing, air taken into mouth, nostrils close floor of mouth raised, air pushed into lungs, expelled by elastic forced

Question 32

reptile breathing

Answer 32

-lungs have more convulations than amphibian, few can breath cutaneous. Negative pressure- rib cage expands to create negative pressure that draws air into lungs

Question 33

mammals breathing

Answer 33

Two-way air flow allows mixing of fresh and stale air
-alveoli increase surface area for improved gas exchange
-Air drawn into lungs by negative pressure
-contraction of intercostal muscles raises ribs and expands thoracic cavity; contraction of diaphragm lowers base of thoracic cavity
-relaxation of these muscles allows elastic forces to expel air

Question 34

birds breathing

Answer 34

one-way airflow, through their lungs (parabronchi_ which presents mixing of o2 and co2
inhale 1- oxygen enter postererior air sac.
Exhale1) oxygen moves into lungs and passes over parabronchi (air vessels)
inhale 2)-depleted oxygen leaves lungs and moves to air sacs
exhale 2) depleted oxygen leaves body
no mixing of deox and ox blood