Circulatory System Flashcards
(45 cards)
Describe the circulatory system and define the blood, the heart and the blood vessels
The circular tree system is a transport system of the body by which food oxygen and water and other essential nutrients can be carried
The blood is a liquid containing suspended cells which carries substances around the body
The heart and muscular pump which provides the force needed to move the blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen around the body
The blood vessels, the tubes through which the blood travels to through and from the tissues
Describe blood and explain it’s main continence
Blood has both liquid and solid components and it is actually a complex connective tissue in which living blood cells are suspended and nonliving fluid called plasma.
On average adults have 3 to 5 L of blood mainly constituting plasma at 55% red blood cells I’m ever through sites make up 44%. The remaining 1% of blood consist of white blood cells.
Blood gain its colour through haemoglobin found in red blood cells oxygenated haemoglobin or HbO2 is a red colour
What is the difference between plasma and blood?
Blood contains plasma as it has both liquid and solid components the nonliving fluid matrix called plasma as well as blood cells and white blood cells
What is the difference between plasma and blood?
Blood contains plasma as it has both liquid and solid components the nonliving fluid matrix called plasma as well as blood cells and white blood cells
Describe the five components of plasma and their uses
Water many of the substance carried in plasma I dissolved in water additionally it replenishes intercellular fluid 90% of plasma is water
Proteins are mostly made in the liver, including albumin and globulin we shall responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood. Fibrinogen is essential for forming blood clots plasma without fibrinogen serum.
Salts primarily in chloride sulphate and phosphate potassium and calcium they help maintain the pH of the body neutralising acid or alkali when they formed
Urea is the waste product of protein metabolism in the liver where amino acids are broken down metabolised it is transported along with other waste products to be removed excreted from the kidneys
Glucose this is a simple sugar is a product of carbohydrate digestion and is the cellular respiration in all cells is transported along with other digested food products such as amino acids
State the three types of blood cell
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets
Give a detailed explanation of red blood cells, their contents and why the contents are evolved that way
Red blood cells erythrocytes are concave discs which do not have a nucleus. They are packed full of haemoglobin at 5 million red blood cells per millimetre of blood. The red blood cells developed in the bone marrow formed from stem cells and then under the influence of vitamin B12 vitamin C cobalt copper folic acid they mature so they can release into the bloodstream.
During this process they build up haemoglobin and lose the nucleus and other organelles haemoglobin is the iron containing protein that transport most of the oxygen that is contained within the blood. Haemoglobin absorbs oxygen from the lungs and is released to the tissues. No nucleus means more space for red blood cells to carry oxygen using haemoglobin but this means the cells have a limited lifespan of up to 120 days.
Explain white blood cells and where they are made and the two main types
White blood cells unknown as leucocytes are the only complete cells in the blood containing nuclei and organelles. White blood cells are made in the bone marrow but some of the mature in lymphatic system.
The two main types of leukocyte in the blood are granulocytes also known as polymorphnuclear leucocytes and agranulocytes.
What are the three granulocytes
Granulocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm include the following cells
Neutrophils which make up 40 to 70% of white blood cells
active phagocytes protecting the body against bacterial invasion
Eosinophils make up one to 4% of white blood cells
They kill parasitic worms
Basophils make up 0 to one percent of white blood cells. The rarest white blood cell contain histamine are involved in inflammation and allergic reaction reactions.
Describe the types of Agranulocytes
Types of Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes are white blood cells (WBCs) that lack granules in their cytoplasm. They play key roles in immunity.
Two Types:
1. Lymphocytes
• T cells – Attack infected cells & regulate immune response.
• B cells – Produce antibodies.
• Natural Killer (NK) cells – Destroy virus-infected & cancerous cells.
2. Monocytes
• Largest WBCs, become macrophages when they enter tissues.
• Engulf and digest pathogens & dead cells (phagocytosis).
Agranulocytes are essential for long-term immunity and defense!
Monocytes are made in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue the largest of the blood cells they remove foreign particles by phagocytosis
Macrophage cells derived from mono site that accesses a faggot site in non-specific response forms in antigen-presenting so in the specific immune response
Describe platelets and their function
Platelets also known as the thrombocytes are made in the bone marrow and are essential for blood clotting
They are small cytoplasmic fragments of large cells in the bone marrow in humans. They do not have a nucleus on our approximately a third of the size of an erythrocyte. There’s about 250,000 platelets per bill each of blood.
Clotting involves a series of enzyme controlled reactions which produce a fibre is made of proteins called fibrin formed from a jellylike clot but rise to form a scab.
Describe the nine functions of the blood
- to carry oxygen to tissues using haemoglobin
- To curry dissolved digested feud such as glucose and amino acids.
- To remove waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea through excretion.
- To defend the body against the entry of pathogens using white blood cells.
- To carry water to tissues and cells which is removed through the kidneys.
- To provide material for which glands make their secretions.
- To carry hormones around the body.
- To distribute heat evenly around the body and regulate temperature.
- To stop bleeding and blood loss from cuts/haemorrhage through Cotton.
Explain a ABO blood group system and its effect on transfusions
ABO Blood Groups & Transfusions
The ABO blood group system is based on the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma.
Blood Groups:
1. Type A → A antigen, anti-B antibodies
2. Type B → B antigen, anti-A antibodies
3. Type AB → A & B antigens, no antibodies (universal recipient)
4. Type O → No antigens, anti-A & anti-B antibodies (universal donor)
Who Can Receive What?
• A → A, O
• B → B, O
• AB → A, B, AB, O (Universal Recipient)
• O → O (Universal Donor)
Type O- is the universal donor for all blood types, while AB+ can receive from any type!
The blood group name refers to the antigens on the cell surface of the red blood cells for example blood group a has antigens on cell surface for a similar to blood group B and AB however blood group O has no antigens on cell surface.
This is important for blood transfusions as people who are blood group a do not have antigens for for a within their plasma as this would cause agglutination and begin the immune response instead they only hav antibody B. Blood group AB has no antibodies in the plasma and oh has both antibody a and B.
Which is the most useful blood group for transfusions and why?
Blood group O is the most useful for transfusions as it has no antigens on the red blood cells so if you give this to a patient either of the antibodies regardless if they are a group a group B or a B will react and not cause agglutination.
Explain the rhesus factor
The rhesus factor is a protein which oxygen antigen found on the red cells of around 85% of the population people with the rhesus factor or are rhesus positive and people without are negative if the mother and a baby have different factors this can cause issues during pregnancy
What type of muscle is in the heart and why is it evolved for the heart?
The heart is comprised of cardiac tissue called myocardium which has its own intrinsic rhythm. Cardiac muscle does not get fatigued like the striated muscle responsible for skeletal movement. The external hot muscle is supplied with oxygen by the coranary arteries so muscle does not use oxygen from the blood inside the heart.
Describe and explain the structure of the heart
The heart is divided from the base to the apex by the muscular septum which splits the heart into 2/2 left heart and right heart in a normal heart. There is no communication between the left and right side however in a baby there was a hole in the septum which allows blood to pass between the 2/2.
The heart is contained in a fibrous sack called the pericardium and the smooth membrane lining chambers of the heart is called the endocardium. The small upper chambers are called atria and the more muscular lower chambers are called ventricles.
Deoxygenated Blood flows from the vena cava into the right atrium where it reaches the tricuspid valve which has 3 flaps and separates the right atrium and ventricle. The right ventricle then contracts pushing deoxygenated blood up past the pulmonary valve (semilunar) up to the pulmonary atery which leads to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the pulmonary vein into the left atrium where it passes the bicuspid valve which has two flops into the left ventricle left ventricle contracts and passes oxygen aid blood past the aortic valve (semi lunar) to the aorta
What is the tricuspid’s valve function?
It prevents backflow into the right atrium via the right ventricle
What is the pulmonary valves functional?
It prevents backflow into the right ventricle
The love love sound made when your heart beats is actually due to the black flow of the blood hitting the heart of valves when they close closing the bicuspid and try cuss with valves
What does the pulmonary artery do in which side of the heart? Is it located on?
The pulmonary artery is located on the right side of the heart and it pushes the deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated
What is the function of the pulmonary vein?
The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium when it contracts and forces blood through the mitral or bicuspid valve into the ventricle
What is the largest artery in the body? And what side of the body is it on?
The aorta is found on the left side of the heart
Explain the concepts of diastole and systole
In reality, the atria contract at the same time this is referred to as atrial systole similar to ventricular systole which is a state when the heart muscle contracts and force blood out into the blood vessels
Alternatively, diastole is when the heart muscle relax and blood fills the heart this is when the blood pressure in the arteries is that lowest
What governs the rhythm of cardiac muscle contraction?
And average adult heart rate is approximately 70 bpm cardiac muscle has the intrinsic ability to be rhythmically without any chemical or electrical stimulus. This process is governed by the special area of Kodak cardiac muscle called Sino atrial node found close to where the superior vena cava enters the heart.
The sinoatrial node is also referred to as the pacemaker region for the heart. A contraction impulse starting at the sign of actual mood spreads rapidly to the walls of the atria so they can contract and initiate the heartbeat. The wave of excitation triggers the response to the second region called atrio ventricular node Which after a brief pause transmits the impulse to the walls of the ventricles through special tissues called purkinje fibres
Load the heartbeat is automatic it can be sped up or slowed down by the nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system slows both the rate and force of contraction is sympathetic. Nervous system increases both rate and force of contraction.
