Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the muscoskeltal system function

Answer 1

Support, protection, movement, storage of minerals and production of red blood cells

Question 2

What is the major component of the muscoskeletal system and what types are there

Answer 2

Muscle makes up 50% of human body mass

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Question 3

How many bones are in the adult skill Tal system and what are their main functions?

Answer 3

206 bones are in an adult human skeletal system

Mainly for support and protection
And anchor point for muscles
Storage of minerals such as calcium phosphorus
Triglycerides are stored in a yellow bone marrow
Production of blood cells

Question 4

What is the composition of bone and give the importance of each compound?

Answer 4

Bone is made up of extra cellular matrix containing different types of cells

25% water 25% collagen 50% crystallised minerals

Collagen gives strength

Calcium phosphate provides bone hardness (if a patient lacks vitamin D needed to absorb calcium from digestion their bones will be too soft and flexible and they will suffer from rickets)

Question 5

What is Ricketts caused by?

Answer 5

Not enough vitamin D, which is needed to absorb calcium from digestive system, which would mean that the bones are too soft and flexible

Question 6

Name the four types of cells involved in the maintenance of healthy skeleton

Answer 6

Osteogenic cells – unspecialised stem cells the only bone cells to undergo cell division

Osteoblasts – these are bone building cells that synthesise and secrete collagen fibres and other organic compounds that build the extra cellular matrix of bone tissue

Osteocytes – mature bone cells they are osteoblasts that have been trapped within the matrix the most plenty full cells important part of the structure of bone

Osteoclasts – large rare cells that are responsible for the removal of bone where is no longer needed part of the process of remodelling the skeleton to be a strong as effective as possible

Question 7

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone and how does it receive oxygen and nutrients?

Answer 7

Compact bone has a few spaces and is the strongest form of bone

Spongy bone is composed of needle like pieces of bone and microscopic spaces that help make the bone lighter

All burn is supplied oxygen and nutrients by rich supply blood vessels, nose, and fat vessels that penetrate compact bone through perforating canals

Question 8

What are long bones?

Answer 8

Long bones – all bones of limbs except wrist or ankle or long bones from the humorous humour to phalanges.

They have growth plates at each end known as epiphyses they have hard outer layer of compact boom covering in a spongy bone which is filled with bone marrow which is where many blood cells are made

Question 9

What are short bones?

Answer 9

Examples include risk and ankle such as carpals and tarsels

Approximately wired as they are long provide support stability and flexibility but not large scale movement they are made up of spongy bone covered by compact bone and contain a relatively large amount of bone marrow

Question 10

Describe flat bones

Answer 10

Shoulder blade (scapular), bones of the school, ribs, sternum and some pelvic bones

These bones form strong flattened plates that are important for protecting vital organs and for the attachment of muscles.

They have hard compact bone on the outside with spongy bone and red bone mirror on the inside an adults flat bones or many of the red blood cells are made.

Question 11

Describe Irregular bones

Answer 11

These bones have a non-uniform shape and they include the vertebra the lower jaw and sacrum

Question 12

Describe sesamoid bones

Answer 12

Small irregular floating bones found embedded in tendons over joints but not directly connected to the joint e.g. patella (kneecap)

Question 13

Describe and explain skeletal muscle

Answer 13

Skeletal muscle mostly move bones in the skeletons in a voluntary manner it can be referred to as voluntary muscle

It looks striped so can be referred to you as striated muscle and does not undergo cell division

Skeletal muscles squeezes blood and lymph through the veins to the heart

Muscle cells contain many mitochondria to supply the energy needed for rapid movement and this contraction and relaxation generates a lot of heat

Question 14

Explain and describe smooth muscle

Answer 14

Smooth muscle is elongated spindle shaped cells in muscles which are not under voluntary control

It’s found in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels most of the visceral organs such as the stomach urinary bladder respiratory passages as well as skin and hair follicles

Smooth muscles real is to propel substances through your pathways, e.g. feed through the digestive tract emptying bowels and bladder

Contractions are slow and sustained in comparison to skeletal and the uses ATP very efficiently able to maintain high force of construction with very little ATP little heat is generated by sweet muscle contraction

Question 15

Describe and explain cardiac muscle

Answer 15

Cardiac muscle contracts intrinsically with a built in rhythm and consists of short cells and a branching network of cells that are linked electrically and mechanically to a function

It constructs with much less power than the skillet muscle but is more into fatigue

Cardiac muscle extends into the walls of large veins where they enter the heart

Question 16

Describe and explain the structure of a muscle

Answer 16

A bundle of myofibres create a muscle fibre which is enclosed by a tough out of layer called the epimysium which prevents the muscle from bulging getting damaged during contraction

Each muscle fibre is composed of many individual structures called myofibrils

Myofibrils are two proteins actin and myosin. A muscle contraction is actin filaments sliding along myosin filaments and smooth sliding fashion causing the muscle to contract and shorten?

Question 17

What are the four key special properties that muscles tissue has?

Answer 17

Electrical excitability – muscle cells conduct an action potential that initiates a flow of iron which can cause muscle contraction

Contractibility – when a muscle contracts a generates tension and pulls on anchor points

Extensibility – the ability to stretch without being damaged E.G smooth muscles often stretched for example in the stomach

Elasticity – the ability for most tissue to return to its original length and shape

Question 18

Explain the difference between point of origin point of insertion

Answer 18

Point of origin is where the muscle attaches to the stationary bone whereas point of insertion as well the muscle attaches to the moving bone

Question 19

Explain muscle atrophy

Answer 19

A muscle can atrophy (waste away) if not used for example if a leg is immobilised in a plastic cost

Question 20

Explain hypertrophy

Answer 20

Increase amount of work through exercise can cause muscles to hypertrophy (increase in size

Since the number of muscle remains the same hypertrophy can only occur if muscle fibres themselves increase their metabolic capacity and size

Regular long lasting aerobic exercise swimming running leads to an increase in the number of capillaries around muscle five of us resulting in a greater endurance

Question 21

What are antagonistic muscles and how do they relate to energy usage?

Answer 21

I’m antagonistic muscles or muscles which are in a give-and-take relationship as one muscles moves a bone to one area. The opposing muscle is responsible for moving it back to its place.

Skeletal muscle relaxation does not move the bone back to its original location only the action of another muscle does that

Question 22

What is thermogenesis?

Answer 22

Thermogenesis is the process where muscle contraction generates heat when ATP is used to power skeletal muscle 75% of the energy is transferred to the surroundings warm them up

Question 23

Describe the relationship between muscles aerobic exercise and respiration

Answer 23

Muscles require a lot of glucose and oxygen to generate ATP and needed for respiration and the chemical reactions of Actin and myosin due to this they produce a lot of carbon dioxide

Ski almost surrounded by many capillaries which aid in supplying the oxygen and glucose as well as removing the waste products

Muscles are also supplied with Moton nerves which stimulate them to contract each nerve that penetrate a skillet muscle is accompanied by an artery and one or two veins

Question 24

Describe the relationship between anaerobic exercise and muscles

Answer 24

If your rate of exercise exceeds the rate of which the heart and loans can provide oxygen, the body undergoes anaerobic respiration

This is why glucose is broken down without oxygen. This produces lactic acid. The lactic acid buildup lowers the pH cause in metabolic acidosis as lactic acid accumulates within the muscles causing pain.

For example, the ache resulting in working muscle groups is caused by mild inflammation of the muscle, muscle crumbs are often caused by dehydration which could generate abnormally high rates of action potential

Question 25

Explain and describe tendons

Answer 25

Tendon transmit muscle power to bones and this are extremely strong flexible bonds of fibre tissue which attach muscle to bone THEY DO NOT STRETCH Tendons are white glistening fibrous chords vary in thickness and length their size is proportional to the muscle. They’re attached to and sparingly supplied with blood vessels due to this poor blood supply Attendance that damage can take a very long time or may never heal properly.

Question 26

Explain and describe ligaments

Answer 26

Ligaments hold bones together and are predominantly white, shiny flexible, slightly elastic bands or sheets of fibrous tissue that bind bone to bone They hold bones in place in joints providing stability in both rest and movement and restrict movement in certain directions such as hyperflexion They also play a role in support of internal organs such as uterus, bladder, liver diaphragm and help shaping and supporting the breasts And can be very slow to heal

Question 27

describe an explain cartilage

Answer 27

Cartilage aims to reduce friction and cushion bones It is hard but flexible tissues made up of cells called chondrocytes in a matrix of mainly collagen fibrils Different types, white fibrous and hyaline almost commonly found in the skeleton between bones shock absorber V

Question 28

Describe and explain a joint and give the three types

Answer 28

Joints or a point where two or more bones meat Fibrous joints connect bones without allowing any movement – pelvis skull Cartilaginous joints are joints are connected by cartilage and allows small amount of movement, spine or ribs Sino allow large range movement allow water to surface decide freely over the other such as synovial joints like the hypo knee shoulder and elbow

Question 29

Describing explain synovial joints

Answer 29

Sino your joints such as the knee lubricate the joint and protect joint services from rubbing together Lubrication provided by Samuel fluid which is produced by the sign of the membrane and the bones are lined with a layer of cartilage Additionally, the knee has extras of sign of your food called the bursae that provide extra protection however can become inflamed causing housemaids knee

Question 30

Explain rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 30

rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease mainly characterised by the information of the Sino membrane lighting the joints resulting in chronic pain loss of function and disability Stage one is redness swelling of the sign of lining Stage two is rapid proliferation growth of cells in the joints which causes a synovium to thicken Stage three, the inflame cells enzymes that digest bone and cartilage causing joint to lose its shape alignment pain and loss of movement RA continues indefinitely and is systematic so can affect other organs early diagnosis is critical to treatment and can limit joint damage and decrease disability potential Women are three times more likely to get it and it ranges between age 40 to 50 however lifestyle changes such as smoking and eating red meat and drinking a lot of coffee can be changed

Question 31

Explain osteoarthritis

Answer 31

Osteoarthritis isn’t degenerative disease and due to chemical compositions in cartilage that comes with age and wear and tear if these joints and cartilage Wearing tear leads to college breakdown or complete cartilage loss which causes osteoblasts to overwork and create boney Spurs which further reduce mobility of the joint as well as thickening this I know you reducing movement Risk factors include age sex as well as obesity and family history as well as sports injury

Question 32

Explain osteoporosis

Answer 32

Osteoporosis is a decrease in normal density of the bone leading to fragile bones and often break it has been linked to osteoclast action and leads to abnormally porous birds that is more compressible and prone too cracks The spy and hips wrist of common areas, however fractures and cracks can happen everywhere Common in woman after menopause

Question 33

Explain gout

Answer 33

Gout is a metabolic disorder often inherited and more common than men than women Crystals of uric acid being deposited in tissues of the body can cause recurring attack of joint inflammation chronic gout can lead to deposits of hard limbs of uric acid called TOPHI around the joint and decreased kidney function It is related to an abnormal ability to process uric acids causing pain painful arthritis attack attacks (gout attack) but also kidney stone. Blockage and kidney filtration issues with uric acid crystals leading to kidney failure or elevated blood uric levels hyperuricaemea. Rapid onset and extremely painful a joint information is precipitated by deposits of Europe acid crystals in the Jones fluid and joint lining caused by white blood cells in golfing uric acid crystals releasing chemicals of information causing pain heat and redness

Question 34

What is the recommended treatment for inflammatory diseases such as RA and OA?

Answer 34

Physiotherapy and exercise as well as education as first line Drug such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) treat pain and stiffness resulting from RA and OA and can be effective at relieving symptoms NSA IDs act by interfering with the bodies inflammatory process the block enzymes called cyclo oxygenenase open (Cox–1 and Cox–2) which part of the inflammatory response inhibiting enzymes reduces swelling fever and associated pain. NSAID’s come have gastrointestinal bleeding effects however (coxibs ) tend to have fewer gastrointestinal side-effects Some patience may respond to one NSAID but not to another intolerance needs to be considered

Question 35

How to treat rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 35

NSAID treat the symptoms but do not hold a progressive disease Rheumatoid arthritis is treated by disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) No immediate effect can take up to 2 to 6 months however they block the effects of the chemicals released when the immune system attacks the joints and are often very effective about slowing down progression of disease Biologics affect part of the immune system and are involved in the inflammation of joints. I’m interfere with chemicals that trigger inflammatory response and are often given in combination.

Question 36

How to treat osteoarthritis

Answer 36

Lifestyle changes health exercise these weight also NSAID corticosteroids low-dose opioids

Question 37

How to treat gout

Answer 37

Urate lowering therapy I’m high dose and NSAID

Question 38

How to treat osteoporosis

Answer 38

Medicines that affect bone metabolism prevent or treat post menopausal osteoporosis BisPhosphonates work on bone making cells (osteoblast) stimulating them to be more active Treatment with monoclonal antibodies that decreased the bone resorption is recommended for prevention of fractures due to osteoporosis in some post menopausal woman